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context
time, place, circumstances, culture, etc
exigence
why is it urgent for this to be heard right now? what about the rhetorical situation makes this urgent?
occasion
circumstances/events that necessitate the speech/text
purpose
goal of the speech/text
audience
people who hear/read the speech/text
subject
general topic the writer/speaker is writing/speaking about
writer/speaker
the person/group that creates the text/speech
message
the main idea or position the writer/speaker is trying to convey
persona
the role the person plays when giving the speech or publishing the text
ethos
appealing to credibility; knowledge, experience, shared values, etc
logos
appealing to logic; statistics, rational ideas, facts, etc
pathos
appealing to emotion; values, desires, hopes, fears, etc
diction
writer’s/speaker’s choice of words
denotation
the exact meaning of the word
connotation
the underlying associations connected with the word that cause emotion
formal diction
using more formal language
informal diction
using more informal language
metaphor
word or phrase that is applied to something not literally
simile
comparing something to a different thing using like or as
analogies
comparing two things, usually used for clarifiction
personification
making something seem like a person
allusion
referencing another text or well known thing
syntax
how words are combined to make sentences
independent clauses
expresses a complete thought
dependent cause
does not express a complete thought (can have subject & verb)
simple sentence
single independent clause
compound sentence
two independent clauses connected by a conjunction or semicolon
complex sentence
one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
compound-complex sentence
two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
cumulative sentences
main idea is at the beginning, but is followed with detail
parallel structure
when the structure is the same
antithesis
the structure is parallel but the ideas are opposite or contrast each other
tone
the writer’s/speaker’s attitude toward the subject
irony (verbal)
difference between what the writer/speaker says and what they do
irony (situational)
difference between what seems fitting in the situation and what actually happens
irony (dramatic)
difference between what the character says/thinks/knows and what the audience knows
understatement
opposite of hyperbole; underexaggeration
Note
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