Abraham Maslow

HOLISTIC- DYNAMIC THEORY

assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health- self actualization.

scored 195

•He scored ____ in an IQ test

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

• Assumes that lower level needs MUST be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators.

•Lower level needs have PREPOTENCY over higher level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated.

•The five needs are CONATIVE NEEDS, meaning they have a striving or motivational character

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

•MOST basic needs of any person

•MOST prepotent of all
•Starving people become preoccupied with food and are willing to do nearly anything to obtain it.

• 85% can reach

• How physiolgical needs differ from other needs
a) They are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied

b) Recuring nature

SAFETY NEEDS

• physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces
• Differ from physiological needs in that they CANNOT BE OVERLY SATISFIED.

• 75% can satisfy

LOVE AND BELONGING NEEDS

• desire for friendship, wish for a mate and children, need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation.
• Includes some aspect of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love.

• 50% can reach

ESTEEM NEEDS

• include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
• TWO LEVELS OF ESTEEM NEEDS a) REPUTATION – in the eyes of others

b) SELF- ESTEEM – own feelings of worth and confidence

• 25% can reach

SELF- ACTUALIZATION

• include self- fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word
•Self-actualizers are NOT dependent on the satisfaction of either love or esteem needs; they become independent from the lower level needs that gave them birth.

• not dependent

• being reborn/rebirth

• 10% can reach

B- VALUES

• People who highly respect such values as truth, beauty, justice and the other b-values become self-actualizing.

• indicators of psychological health and are opposed to DEFICIENCY NEEDS(physiological needs), which motivate non-self actualizers

• Maslow termed b-values “METANEEDS” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs.

• Absence of the B-values leads to a pathology.

METAMOTIVATION

motives of self-actualizing people

• motivation needs

metaneeds

greek prefix that means final or end

METAPATHOLOGY

• lack of a meaningful philosophy of life.

• deprivation of self- actualization needs

phoniness

fake

AESTHETIC NEEDS

the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences

COGNITIVE NEEDS

• desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious

• eager to learn

NEUROTIC NEEDS

lead only to stagnation and pathology

REVERSED ORDER OF NEEDS

• Occasionally needs are REVERSED
• Reversals, however, are usually more apparent than real. If we understood the unconscious motivation underlying the behavior, we would recognize that the needs are not reversed.

UNMOTIVATED BEHAVIOR

• Maslow believed that even though all behaviors have a cause, some behaviors are not motivated. - conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs.

EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

• often unmotivated

• frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort. It has no goals and is merely the person's mode of expression

COPING BEHAVIOR

• always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need.

• ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned and determined by the external environment.

DEPRIVATION OF NEEDS

Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of pathology •METAPATHOLOGY- deprivation of self- actualization needs

– the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life

INSTINCTOID NATURE OF NEEDS

Maslow hypothesized that some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning. He called these needs INSTINCTOID NEEDS.

THE JONAH COMPLEX

• According to Maslow, everyone is born with a will toward health, a tendency to grow toward self- actualization, but few people reach it.

• One reason is the JONAH COMPLEX or the fear of being one’s best