anatomy exam 4 (L1-3 cv1-3)

Fucntions of the Cardiovascular system

TTIP

• Transport system for gases, hormones, nutrients and wastes

• Temperature regulation

• Immune function

• pH regulation of blood

Transport system of cardiovascular system

• Gases ==> O2 and CO2 as blood is physically circulating CO2 is a byproduct of what we metabolize CO2 affects pH (lowers)

• Hormones (endocrine) dumping hormones into bloodstream

• Nutrients (what we eat/metabolize) Wastes (what's filtered out at the kidneys)

Temperature regulation of cardiovascular system

Blood is warmer than our body temp (98.6F)

Blood is transferring heat

Immune function of cardiovascular system

Different types of WBCs

Components of the cardiovascular system

Blood Heart Vessels

Function of VESSELS

Pipes == Carries blood throughout the body arteries, veins, capillaries

Function of BLOOD

Fluid == Carries gases, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc..

regulation of vital fluid balances via body temp

Composition of BLOOD Fluid connective tissue

45% formed elements /// 55% plasma

• FE (cellular) = RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

• Plasma == Largely water & dissolved materials

____ + ____ == Blood?

Plasma + Formed (cellular) elements == Blood

Plasma percentages

55% blood volume overall

92% of plasma is water

8% dissolved substances (gases, proteins, wastes, nutrients, hormones)

high dissolved gas content

dissolved proteins = (GAF)GlobulinsAlbuminsFibrinogen

Formed elements (Cells) percentages

Formed elements makes up 45% of blood volume

RBCs ==> 99.9% of cellsvery few WBCs and platelets

What are the plasma proteins and their percentages?

90% of plasma proteins are made in the liver

Globulin (35%)Albumin (60%)Fibrinogen (4%)

Albumin

• one of the most common plasma proteins (60%)

• forms lipoproteins for transport of fats and steroids

  • needs water-based plasma to transport fat

  • transfers fat to the liver

• Maintain osmotic pressure & viscosity of blood

Globulin

• one of the plasma proteins (35%)

• transport proteins

  • binds insoluble ions and hormones

  • not soluble in plasma

• antibodies

  • attacks foreign proteins

  • connected to a particular globulin

  • one structure within the immune system

Fibrinogen

• one of the plasma proteins (4%)

• inactive/non-functional until activated

• Forms fibrin-framework of blood clot (webbing)

  • Fibrin is the active state and protein portion of a blood clot

What are the 3 Formed Elements (official names)?

• Also called the cellular components (45% of blood volume)

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)

  • Leukocytes (WBCs)

  • Platelets

Erythrocytes

• Transports O2 and CO2

• Mature RBCs (99.9% of cells)

• Life span = 120 days

• Lacks mitochondria (consumes O2), ribsomes, nuclei

• Relies on anaerobic metabolism

• 1000 RBC : 1 WBC ratio

Hematocrit

% of erythrocytes in blood

Leukocytes

• WBCs == less than 1% of cells

  • formed in bone marrow

  • Majority found in peripheral tissue in lymphatic syst.

  • LOTS in tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes

• Immune function

  • Defense against infection and disease

  • Lives few hours/days

  • Phagocytosis used by most

• NLMEB = Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Granular Leukocytes

• "the ""Phils"" of the leukocytes (WBCs)

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

Neutrophils

• granular leukocytes

• highly mobile phagocytes

• fighting bacterial infections

  • first to respond to infections

  • targets bacteria

Eosinophils (acidophils)

• granular leukocytes

• attracted to foreign compounds that reacted with antibodies

• fights parasitic infection & allergic reactions

Basophils

• Granular leukocytes

• Migrates to damaged tissue

• Release histamines ==> Dilate blood vessels, INCR inflammation

  • More blood to area ==> INCR temp

Agranular Leukocytes

Lymphocytes, Monocytes

Lymphocytes

• Agranular leukocytes

• Primary cell of lymphatic system

  • T-cells attack foreign cells directly == Major cell of immune sys.

  • B-cells produce antibodies == Source of making antibodies

Monocytes

• Agranular leukocytesMigrate into peripheral tissues as free macrophagesCan enter and exit blood to other tissuesHighly mobile phagocytic cells

Platelets

One of the formed elements (cellular) Fragments of large stem cell megakaryocyteNo nucleus, some organellesEnclosed packets of cytoplasm for blood clottingInitiate blood clotting (Hemostasis) with fibrinogenCellular portion of blood clotPlasma protein portion = Fibrinogen

Erythrocytes FILLED with...

Filled with hemoglobin...

Hemoglobin function

Filled in erythocytesTransport O2 and CO2Binds to O2 @ HIGH oxygen and Releases at LOW O21 RBC has 280 million hemoglobin1 hemoglobin carries 4 oxygen moleculesO2 binds to IRON in hemoglobin (heme)4 heme groups surrounding ironwhy we need proper iron levelsCO2 carried by hemoglobin and plasma

Hemopoesis

Formation of Blood cells:BEFORE birth... TLSRRED bone marrow, Liver, Spleen, Thymus, etc..Multiple organs produced blood cellsAFTER birth... (Primary sites; HRS)RED bone marrow of RIBS, Sternum, HipsMainly bone marrow being the sourceYellow bone marrow (extreme emergency)secondary/backup

Hemocytoblast

Blood stem cell ==> For all types of formed elementsBlood specific stem stellLocated in bone marrowMakes copies and erythrocytes

Blood Types

Type O (common)Type ABType BType A (rare)

Type O (blood cells and plasma)

Most common!Blood cells == RBCs lacking both A+B surface antigensPlasma == Plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Type AB (blood cells and plasma)

Blood cells == RBCs with both A+B surface antigensPlasma == Plasma with NO anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Type B (blood cells and plasma)

Blood cells == RBCs with ONLY surface antigen B Plasma == Plasma contains ONLY anti-A antibodies

Type A (blood cells and plasma)

Rare!Blood cells == RBCs with ONLY surface antigen A Plasma == Plasma contains ONLY anti-B antibodies

Surface Antigen

Glycoproteins and glycolipidsmarkers that can help identify the bloodABD, Rh factor = (+)NO Rh = (-)

Chambers of the Heart

4 chambers total: 2 superior chambers == ATRIAwhere blood ENTERS2 inferior chambers == VENTRICLESwhere blood EXITSpumping OUT blood

the heart pumps blood through.....

Pulmonary circuit (right ventricle)Systemic circuit (left ventricle)

Size, position and orientation of the heart

Size == 5in x 3inLocation:Mediastinum -- Within pericardial cavityRight chambers -- Slightly anteriorApex points leftHeart sits on diaphragm

Base of heart

Deep to sternum @ 3rd intercostal space (superior side)broad side of heart

apex of heart

deep to 5th intercostal space (left side)point of the heart

Layers of of the heart

3 layers total: Endocardium (innermost)Myocardium (middle)Epicardium / visceral pericardium (outermost) ** Wall of ANY chamber has ALL 3 layers

parietal pericadrium

outer layercompletely separate layer of the heart wallprotects and maintains heart's position

myocardium contains....

cardiac muscle tissue

endocardium contains....

epithelial tissue

what forms the fibrous skeleton?

large cluster of Connective Tissue fibers form the fibrous skeletonElastic fibersReticular fibersCollagen fibers

internal connective tissue of the heart

of the fibrous skeleton (SPF)shapes the chambersprevents overfilling of chambersfound within myocardium

Fibrous Skeleton functions

provides attachment for heart's valvessupport muscle cells, blood vessels, and nerves

Pulmonary circuit

RIGHT ventricle pumps blood to lungsheart => lungs => heartAdds oxygenRight side of heart === POOR O2 blood

Systemic circuit

LEFT ventricle (thickest chamber) pumps blood everywhere else but lungsheart => body => heartlots of myocardiumPumps O2-rich blood OUT of the aorta

Intercalated discs

hold adjacent cardiac muscle cells together strong physical connection between neighboring cellscells work together (pulls) during contractionmechanically links cells together

Gap junctions

allows ions (calcium) to pass from cell to cellessentially an ion channelelectrical stimulation in one cell can pass directly into another cellelectrically/chemically links cells together (electrical/chemical connection)

cardiac muscle tissue

works as an organized unitdue to gap junctions and intercalated discs

myocardium

most of the heart is made up of the myocardiumcontractile myocardiocytesinterconnected by intercalated discsdesmosomesgap junctions

atria vs. ventricles

blood ENTERS heart via ATRIAATRIA have thinner walls than ventricles (less muscle)ATRIA pumps blood TO ventriclesVENTRICLES pumps blood thru pulmonary AND systemic circuitOUT the heart and TO organs (everywhere else)

RIGHT atrium

contains SA and AV nodespacemakers embedded in the wall of right atriumRA triggers heart to contract (bc of pacemakers)Receives blood from systemic circuitSuperior & inferior vena cava

Cardiac veins

apart of the Right Atriumreturns blood from coronary sinus to right atriumdumps blood right back

foramen ovale

apart of the right atriumopens during fetal developmentfossa ovalis forms a few days AFTER birthconnects right atrium to left atrium (blood flows from RA ==> FO ==> LA)ISSUE if FO has NO flow / is CLOSED

heart valves

allow blood flow in ONLY ONE direction thru heartwant blood to flow into atria and out ventricleto prevent backflow (possible if damaged)contains atriventricular and semilunar valves

atrioventricular valves (AV)

between atria and ventriclesR. atrium ==> RIGHT AV (tricuspid) valve ==> R. ventricleL. atrium ==> LEFT AV (bicuspid/mitral) valve ==> L. ventricle

semilunar valves

between ventricles and arteriesR. ventricle ==> Pulmonary semilunar valve ==> Pulmonary trunkL. ventricle ==> Aortic semilunar valve ==> Aorta

chordae tendinae

are ONLY ATTACHED to AV valveshelps keep AV valves closed.papillary muscles and chordae tendinae prevent valve inversion (flap upwards) when ventricles contract

heart sounds

"¯\_( ˘͡ ˘̯)_/¯ lubb"" --- AV valves closing""dupp"" --- Semilunar valves closing"

PHASES of the chamber of heart

systolediastole

cardiac cycle of heart

chamber of heart can be in 1 of 2 phases (systole or diastole)heart pumps by using cycles of systole and diastolerecord blood pressure from left ventricle

systole phase

contraction of the muscleejecting blood OUT the chamer1st phasehigher pressure state through AV vavles

diastole phase

relaxation of the musclechamber FILLS with bloodlower pressure state

intrinsic conduction system

pacemaker found within the heart (right atrium)Pacemaker cells & Conducting fibers coordinate contraction of heart chambers

Pacemaker Cells

establish the rate of cardiac contraction

Conducting fibers

Spread the electrical stimulus throughout the myocardiumR+L atrium cardiac muscle (gap junctions and intercalated discs)

Nodal Cells

Also called pacemaker cells2 groups == SA node and AV node

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Makes 80-100 AP/min (fast)Primary pacemakerPosterior wall of right atriumwants heart to race

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Slower than SA nodeSecondary pacemakerInferior region of right atrium wall

SA node sends AP to...

SA node sends AP to the conducting fibers passes thru myocardium of atria

Internodal pathway

conducting fiberssends AP from SA node ==> AV node

Atria is closer to...

Atria is closer to... the primary pacemaker the source of stimulationventricle is further

List the pacemakers

SA nodeAV node

List the conducting fibers

Internodal pathwaysAV bundleL+R bundle branchesPukinje fibers (muscle of ventricle)

Electrical Conduction System

Sinoatrial (SA) Node Interndoal pathways Atrial Ventricular (AV) Node —--------(fibrous skeleton == physically separates muscle cells of atria from the ventricles)-------------------- 4. AV Bundle (Bundle of His) 5. L + R Bundle Branches 6. Purkinje Fibers (muscle of ventricle)

EKG / ECG

Surface electrodes can monitor the depolarization of the nodal cells and conducting fibers. EKG graph gives electrical and mechanical diagnostic information. Heart monitor X-axis == TimeY-axis == mV (voltage)

Autonomic Control of Heart Rate

Basic rate established by pacemaker (SA node) cells inside the heart (myocardium)Modified by ANS (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

Parasympathetic

ACh (acetylcholine) decreases rate and contraction force.Slows down the fast speeds

Sympathetic

NE (norepinephrine) increases heart rate and force of contraction. Fight or flight response NE = adrenaline

Arteries

Arteries carry blood AWAY from the ventriclesMost arteries carry O2-rich blood except the pulmonary arteries (carries O2-poor blood)

Veins

Veins carry blood TO the atria of the heart Most veins carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary veins (carries O2-rich blood)O2-poor blood (blue)

Capillaries

Smallest vessel These are the exchange vessels. Gases and nutrients flow in/out WBCs flow here Interaction with other organ systems

Flow chart

Veins → Heart → Arteries → Arterioles (small) → Capillaries → Venules → Veins (repeat)

Pulmonary Circuit

Right ventricle == Oxygenation of blood (lungs)From the Pulmonary semilunar valve ⇒ Through the lungs ⇒ To the entrance of the left atrium.

Systemic Circuit

Left ventricle [thick]— Oxygenation of tissue (everywhere else)From the aortic semilunar valve ⇒ Through the body ⇒ To the entrance of the right atrium.

What are the Tunics of vessel walls?

Tunica intimaTunica mediaTunica externa

tunica intima

Deepest layer (contacts blood) Endothelial lining + basement membrane Arteries have elastic LAYER (not in veins)

tunica media

Middle layer (controls diameter) Layers of smooth muscle (can contract or relax)Arteries have elastic FIBERS (organ can stretch & rebound back)***Arteries have a thicker tunica media.

tunica externa

Superfical layer (adventitia) Connective tissue layers — Attaches to each other and other organs Have both elastic and collagen FIBERS. **Similar in arteries and veins

elastic arteries

conducting arteries (move larger amount of blood) large diameter (lumen) walls proportionally not as thick (relative to diameter) Tunica media Few smooth muscle fibers high density of elastic fibers (for elastic recoil) undergo large pressure changes (ventricular systole/diastole) Examples — PAM = Pulmonary artery, Aorta, and Major branches

Muscular arteries

FURTHER from heart distribution arteries relatively small diameter (lumen) thicker tunica media (relative to diameter) than elastic artery Tunica media Thicker (compared to elastic arteries) high density of smooth muscle fibers LESS elastic fibers UNDERGO DIAMETER CHANGES due to ANS (autonomic nervous system) input for blood flow regulation to organsExamples — Neck and Appendages

Arterioles

small arterysmall diameter (lumen) NO tunica structure poorly defined tunica externa incomplete tunica media (scattered smooth muscle) Control blood flow between arteries and capillaries1 arteriole leads to dozens of capillaries

list the name of mechanisms for veins

1. Valves 2. Skeletal muscle pump 3. Thoracoabdominal Pump / Respiratory Pump (breathing)

Valves mechanism

Found in limbs semilunar-type valves (similar to heart) one-way (no backflow in healthy veins) moves bolus of blood UP section-by-section made of folding of tunica intima

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Veins located between muscles (arms/legs) Additional pressure on vessel walls from contracted muscles "Pushes" blood through veins NOT found in larger vessels of ventral cavity (torso)