anatomy and physiology(intro to skeletal system)

what are functions of the skeletal system?

supports soft tissues, protects the most important internal organs, assists in movement, osseous tissue stores and releases minerals, red marrow produces blood cells, and yellow marrow store triglycerides

long bones

humerus and femur

short bones

carpals and tarsals

flat bones

sternum

irregular bones 

vertebrae

sesamoid bones

patella and big toe 

25

how old are you when your growth plates close?

the shaft

diaphysis is also known as

growth plates

epiphysis is your

medullary cavity 

inside shaft 

metaphyses

join diaphysis and epiphysis

endosteum

covers the medullary cavity

periosteum

covers around the bones

articular cartilage

ends of bones

4 principal types of cells 

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

osteogenic cells

makes new bones

osteoblasts

build bones

osteocytes

maintain daily activities

osteoclasts

bone destroying

compact bone: external layer and compromises diaphysis on long bones              spongy bone: interior of short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones and epiphysis of long bones

compare and contrast compact bone and spongy bone

osteons

form repeating structural units aligned in same direction

central canal 

blood and lymph vessels and nerves

concentric lamellae 

extracellular matrix

lacunae

between lamellae with osteocytes

canaliculi

connect lacunae and central canal

interstitial lamellae

between osteons

circumferential lamellae 

encircle bone

trabeculae

lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi

hemopoiesis

makes blood cells

ossification

hardening

4 situations a bone forms

fetal development, before adulthood, bones remodel, fracture heal

intramembranous ossification 

hardening from the membrane, membrane is replaces by bone 

endochondral ossification

hardening cartilage

mesenchyme

where connective tissue comes from

process of endochondral ossification

development of cartilage model, growth of the cartilage model, development of the primary ossification center, development of the medullary cavity, development of secondary ossification center, and formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

four zones in metaphysis

resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, and calcified cartilage

nutrition and hormones

factors influencing bone growth

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium level

calcitonin

decreases blood calcium level

fracture

break in a bone

healing process of fracture

3 different phases in 3 steps

reactive phase

inflammatory phase

reparative phase 

formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second 

bone remodeling phase 

bony callus is remodeled