biochemisty, biomolecules, carbohydrates, and lipids

what is an anabolic reaction?

when smaller molecules are joined together to make larger molecules; this requires energy

what is a catabolic recation?

larger molecules break apart into smaller molecules; this releases energy

what is dehydration synthesis?

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released (pushes out water to create larger molecules)

how do you make a disaccharide

it has to go through dehydration synthesis

what is a functional group

a specific group of atoms and bonds in a compound that give the compound specific characteristics

what are the different types of functional groups?

hydroxyl, carbonyl (carbonyl, aldehyde, and ketone), carboxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, and phosphate

what is the functional group “hydroxyl”?

when one hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an oxygen atom (can be multiple hydroxyl’s in one atom)

what is the functional group “carbonyl”?

a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom (three types: carbonyl, aldehyde, and ketone)

what is the subgroup ”carbonyl”?

carbonyl carbon (just the normal oxygen being double bonded to a carbon)

what is the subgroup “aldehyde”?

carbonyl C attached to a C (carbon) and an H (hydrogen)

what is the subgroup “ketone”?

carbonyl C attached to two carbons

what is the functional group “carboxyl”?

a carbon atom combined with a hydroxyl and a carbonyl

what is the functional group “sulfhydryl”?

a sulfide atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

what is the functional group “amino”?

a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

what is the functional group “phosphate”?

when a phosphorus atom is bonded to 4 oxygen atoms

what are biomolecules also referred to as?

macromolecules

what are the four types of macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

each macromolecule has its own building block that is called what?

a monomer

what is made when multiple monomers are put together?

polymers

what are carbohydrates made up of?

made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

what is a type of monomer for carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

what does saccharide mean?

sugar

what is a type of polymers for carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

what does the ending -ose signify?

that the atom is most likely a carbon

what are carbohydrates used for?

1. all living things main source of energy (quick short term energy)

2. plants use them for structural purposes

what does monosaccharide mean?

1 sugar

what does disaccharide mean?

2 sugars

what does polysaccharide mean?

multiple sugars

what are some common polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

starch?!

1. a polysaccharide

2. only found in plants

3. many glucose molecules are put together to make starch

glycogen?!

1. can be a polysaccharide

2. only found in animals

3. liver bonds together many, many molecules of glucose to form glycogen

cellulose?!

1. a polysaccharide

2. the stringy, fibrous material in the cell wall of plants

3. major component of wood and paper

carbohydrates bond with what?

glyosidic linkages

what chemical ID tests are used for what (carbohydrates) ?

benedicts solution is used for monosaccharides, and lugols solution is used for polysaccharides

what are lipids made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen without a specific ratio

monomers for lipids equal what?

fatty acids and glycerol

polymers for lipids equal what?

triglycerides or phospholipids

are lipids water soluble?

nope

lipids hold what?

lipids hold more energy per unit weight than any other macromolecule

what is a triglyceride?

when a lipid has 3 fatty acid tails, it forms a triglyceride

what is a phospholipid?

when a lipid has 2 fatty acids and a phosphate head, it is a phospholipid. This helps form our cell membrane.

what is a saturated fatty acid?

a saturated fatty acid has all the carbon it can hold. There is no double bond and appears in a straight line. It tends to be solid at room temperature.

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

an unsaturated fatty acid has a double bond and will show a kink in the tail. it tends to be liquid at room temperature.

what are the functions of lipids?

1. lipids make up the cell membrane

2. they take longer to break down/long term energy storage

3. form waterproof coverings on feathers, fruits, leaves, etc.

4. cushion and insolate internal organs

what do steroids do (lipids)?

1. regulate fluidity in the cell membrane. not too rigid or fluid

2. acts as hormones in the body

3. has a 4 fused ring structure

what are waxes (lipids)?

1. they are completely water insoluble

2. solid at room temperature

3. serves as water repellant on some leaves and feathers

4. serves as energy storage for some organisms (like phytoplankton)

what are phospholipids (lipids)?

1. make up the cell membrane

2. regulate homeostasis in the cell

3. contains polar head and non-polar tail

4. surrounds cells for protective layers

5. amphipathic/amphiphilic (goes with point 3)

what does amphipathic mean

having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

what is another word for amphipathic?

amphiphilic

what special covalent bonds do lipids use

ester linkages

what chemical ID tests are used for lipids??

Translucence test, solubility test, and sudan II test

what are the common functional groups for lipids?

carbonyl, carboxyl, and phosphate

what does esterlinkage connect?

fatty acids and glycerol

foods that lipids are found in?

mayo, butter, nuts, and olive oil