soc 225 test 2

A primary explanation for the difference between female and male graduation rates within low-income neighborhoods is that

d. girls' close social connections encourage them to stay in school.

Which of the following contributes to jobs being segregated by gender in the United States?

socialization

The study discussed in the textbook in which children were asked to rate the status and pay of the fictional job of "tenic" demonstrates that

d. gender expectations lead to more favorable evaluations of jobs associated with men

A gender approach in which someone is labeled or identifies as neither exclusively masculine nor exclusively feminine is

c. referred to as an androgynous approach.

One of the reasons the number of employed women increased rapidly after World War II was that

a. women obtained more education and wanted to use their degrees.

The belief that current gender differences have changed over time, through evolution, is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

b. biological

Clothing that children wear to school can reinforce gendered behavior in which of the following ways?

d. When girls wear dresses they are limited in the physical activities in which they can participate.

According to the textbook, restroom symbols and the British stamp illustrate the ways in which males and females are depicted

d. in ways that show the man as superior.

When it comes to sex selection of children, parents in the United States

c. most commonly prefer one child of each sex.

"People 'do gender' when they enact the social roles that conform to the common expectations for their sex." This statement is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

a. symbolic interactionist

When a person's chromosomal composition does not correspond with their sexual anatomy, it is known as being

d. intersexed.

"Gender differences are the product of social interactions that reflect a man's dominant position relative to a woman's." This statement is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

c. feminist

The study of maleness discussed in the textbook mirrors that of Whiteness in that

c. early research on structured oppression neglected males and Whites.

Faith carries clean water from a well to her home every day, as do most women in her community. But when she studies abroad in college, her host family is shocked that women in Faith's community do such physically demanding labor. In their view, that should be done by men. What can Faith accurately conclude from this interaction?

a. Differences between the sexes are socially constructed.

The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure is known as

b. socialization.

When it comes to biological sex differences,

d. the differences between humans are small when compared with other species.

The term for the biological category of male and female, based on anatomy and physiology, is

d. sex.

Which of the following illustrates the ways that women are depicted to be the weaker sex?

d. images that portray husbands taller than their wives

When researchers say that masculinity is socially constructed, they mean

b. there are different expressions for what it means to be a man, depending on the setting.

Which of the following is true about the ways that parents treat their sons and daughters?

d. Parents are more likely to employ parenting styles that encourage personal autonomy and decision making with their daughters.

The most common "disorder of sexual development" is \__________. This condition occurs when children whose genetics indicate they are female develop ambiguous genitalia as a result of excess androgens while in the uterus.

b. congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Though U.S. women still don't have true equality compared to men in terms of wealth, they have pulled ahead of men in which key area?

c. graduating from college

In some cultures, like East and South Asia, parents preferred sons over daughters because they expected that sons would

d. provide economic support to their elderly parents.

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by parents purchasing mostly pink items for their daughters?

a. gender socialization

In the Americas, many indigenous tribes have recognized a role for male-bodied people who occupy women's social positions. In modern history, many of these tribes refer to this male and female identity as

a. a two-spirit.

Disliking someone because the person identifies as lesbian, bisexual, or gay is referred to as

c. homophobia.

Research shows that the most common cause of erectile dysfunction is

d. age.

Coming out is a significant event in the life of someone who identifies as queer because

c. sexuality is part of self-identity

"Shotgun" weddings decreased during the middle of the

c. 1960s.

According to the text, the single biggest concern for society regarding teen sex is

b. teen pregnancy.

Victorian moralists' panic over masturbation was in part fueled by the fear that

c. it would replace the need for family relationships.

Which of the following has contributed to a modern culture that is more accepting of sexual activity?

d. modern birth control

Married sex, as compared to sex for singles, is characterized by

b. higher frequency.

Access to education and health care, the role of poverty, and the impact of social distance help explain the higher STD rate of which racial group?

c. Blacks

In terms of social support, Americans are \__________ accepting of homosexuality than of \__________.

d. less; single parenthood

Which of the following is true regarding same-sex sexual behavior and the role of gender?

a. Women are more likely to engage in same-sex sexual behavior.

Evidence for the continuing role of the sexual double standard can be found in the fact that

c. men prefer to marry women with less sexual experience.

Putting a baby boy in a shirt that says "future ladies' man" is an example of

b. compulsive heterosexuality.

Decreased teen pregnancy rates have resulted primarily from

a. improved use of contraceptives.

According to the text, the book And Tango Makes Three illustrates that homosexual behavior occurs

b. in many species.

Fundamental self-description often depends on gendered categories that are tied to

a. biological identities.

John chose a new seat on the opposite side of the room after his classmate came out during a lecture on sexual orientation. This illustrates

c. homophobia.

It is not uncommon today for a person to be sexually active for \__________ out of 90 years but only produce one or two children in all that time.

b. 60

Sex at older ages is more likely to occur for people who are

a. in good mental and physical health.

The text suggests that lower-class families do not control the sexual behavior of female teens because

c. they are less able to protect their daughters from exploitation.

According to the text, which of the following is a common feature of pornography?

d. Pornography may contribute to conflicts within marriage by altering the way people think about healthy and enjoyable sex.

Sexually transmitted diseases affect a higher percentage of the population of which racial group?

d. Black

The first scientific study of sexual activity is known as the \__________ Reports.

d. Kinsey

Among women ages 18 to 44, about 20 percent report that they

d. have been forced to have intercourse.

The process of revealing one's sexual orientation to family, friends, or other significant people is referred to as

a. coming out.

High heels and foot binding are important cultural examples of

d. how women are socialized to emphasize that they are different from men.

When compared to 50 years ago, the current population of singles looking for relationships is

b. older, more diverse, and more likely to have children.

According to the textbook, which marital status has increased more than any other since 1970?

d. separated/divorced

Evan is the wealthy son of a Minneapolis restaurant owner. He marries Naomi, the daughter of a local physician. Based only on these social characteristics, we can conclude that

c. the marriage is characterized by social class endogamy.

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens tend to have their first serious relationship at a later age than heterosexual teens. This difference is due in part to

c. difficulty meeting appropriate romantic partners.

A young woman grows up in a society where men are expected to make the first move in romantic interactions. The young woman is a lesbian and, when she becomes a teenager, wants to start dating. However, she is unsure how to go about it. Why might she be feeling unsure?

d. Same-gender couples do not have well-established dating and relationship scripts.

After carefully considering the pros and cons of other partners, Juan and Maria believe they make a good match and are committed to each other. Their behavior demonstrates

utilitarian love.

Studying sexual attraction in humans as well as nonhuman animals in terms of genes and their expression gives support to the idea of

evolution.

When it comes to dating among college students,

men are expected to take the lead in formal date situations.

High school proms have been a battleground for interracial, interethnic, and homosexual partnerships because

many adults see prom as an important event in the long-term mate selection process.

One key difference between dating and hooking up is that

c. the expectation exists for sexual contact at the first encounter.

According to the text, developing a relationship has become more variable and individualized because

c. a formal dating system no longer exists.

Members of which racial ethnicity and gender receive the most replies to online dating messages?

d. Asian women

Brendan and Stacy, both from white, upper-class Boston families, have decided to marry. In terms of mate selection, their relationship demonstrates

c. a potential for continuation of class inequality.

Lisa Wade described a common heterosexual \__________ as starting with a "pregame" which then leads to dancing and initiating a hookup.

b. script

When compared with straight relationships, gay and lesbian dating relationships

d. are complicated by more negative social pressures.

Which of the following is a key similarity between hooking up and dating multiple persons at once?

b. Neither involves exclusive commitment to one partner.

Hookup culture is

b. highly interrelated with alcohol and other drug use.

A young man lies to his parents, saying that he does not have a girlfriend. However, he goes to public places like restaurants and movie theaters with his girlfriend, where they kiss and hold hands. What kind of dating are they engaging in?

c. private dating, because their decision to be together was made privately by the two of them

A recent study of college students at seventeen universities reported that about three-quarters of them had

c. hooked up.

The increase in the use of online dating websites can best be explained by

a. the fact that dating sites are sometimes more efficient than meeting in person.

Which of the following trend at high school proms has become controversial?

c. students bringing a same-sex date to the event

When it comes to the relationship between evolution and social interaction and their influences on mate selection, the textbook suggests

c. evolution operates in the background, while personal preferences hold more sway.

According to the text, a casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity is

d. hooking up.

Darren argues that all the romantic couples he knows are people who are very similar to each other. He says this is because they tend to be in the same places and situations. His argument most closely matches the sociological term

c. homophily.

Tammam and his girlfriend live together and are expecting their second child. They are not married and do not plan to get married. What might Andrew Cherlin suggest as the reason that Tammam and his girlfriend are not married?

d. The formal and informal rules of marriage have become weaker.

The norms for marriage have become weaker, leaving it to be considered more optional. Andrew Cherlin calls this change

a. the deinstitutionalization of marriage.

Which of the following can be concluded from the data given in your textbook?

b. Marriage rates are likely to continue declining.

Which of the following is a source of social change in family life?

d. The law has begun to recognize people more as individuals than as members of a family entity.

Kelly is from the United States, and Afonso is from Portugal. After they fall in love and get married, Afonso is able to immigrate to the United States. This is an example of

c. a benefit offered to married couples by governments.

Men and women with higher incomes are more likely to marry than people with lower incomes because people with higher incomes

c. have more choices in the "marriage market," and this tips in favor of getting married.

The author of the text asserts that the benefits of marriage stem from which of the following sources?

a. social status

Which of the following is considered a sign of modernization in marriage decisions?

c. The importance of education has increased and the importance of religion declined as a factor in marriage.

Social status is one of the rewards of marriage. Consequently, some single people—particularly women—may feel

a. a stigma.

The 1993 policy implemented by Bill Clinton to address the issue of gay military recruits was known as

d. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Researchers studying the effect of marriage on wealth are an example of

c. the selection effect.

Which decision legalized same-sex marriage?

a. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Which of the following is one of the primary forms of endogamy practiced in the United States?

a. religion

The idea that wedding must be expensive, large, and lavish may contribute to

b. the divergence of marriage rates between rich and poor.

The trend in public opinion indicates that

a. a growing majority will continue to support same-sex marriage rights.

"I strongly believe that my wife is the key to my success. She keeps me grounded." This quote is related to

a. Tera Hurt's research interviewing Black men about their marriages.

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) had two major goals: to provide

d. assistance to poor families and promote two-parent families.

About two-thirds of people who marry \__________.

a. cohabit first

Which of the following is a symbolic interactionist interpretation of wedding planning and wedding ceremonies?

d. Weddings socialize people into their roles.

The number of people who are not getting married at all is increasing. However,

b. a great majority of people do get married.

Which of the following was a criticism of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) discussed in the text?

d. The underlying assumption of the program (that single parenting causes poverty) is flawed.

Symbolically, what does the Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) case represent, according to the textbook?

b. the social recognition of family diversity

According to the text, \__________ are more likely than \__________ to report happier marriages.

a. men; women

Which conclusion can be drawn from current marriage trends?

c. People are married less continuously throughout their lives than in the past.

According to researcher Tera Hurt, which of the following statements is true about the four categories of reasons for marital happiness?

b. Many people pursue marriage for individualistic reasons.