spanish

12.1 Pronombres relativos

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (relate a noun to a phrase describing or specifying that the noun)

que

what

quien

Who (singular)

quienes

who (plural)

typically quien comes with...

COMMAS

12.2 Mandatos formales

Formal Commands (Ud/Uds)

command someone or a group of people to do something

AR

e/en

ER/IR

a/an

how to conjugate

conjugate to the regular yo form of the verb, then change the ending to the opposite ending

Dar

dè or den

estar

estè or esten

Ir

vaya or vayan

Saber

sepa or sepan

ser

sea or sean

12.3 Subjunctive tense (Subjuntivo)

Expresses the speakers attitudes toward events or expresses anything hypothetical or uncertain

How to conjugate

Irregulars in the Subjunctive: Saber

sepa (a, as, a, amos, an)

Irregulars in the Subjunctive: Estar

este (e, es, es, emos, en)

Irregulars in the Subjunctive: dar

de (e, es, e, emos, en)

Irregulars in the subjunctive: Ir

Vaya (a, as, a, amos, an)

Irregulars in the Subjunctive: ser

Sea (a, as, a, amos, an)

Subjuntive is triggered by

WEIRDO

W:

Wishes

E:

Emotions

I:

Impersonal expressions

impersonal expressions examples

es posible que, es necesario que, no es seguro que, es raro que, es importante que, es dudoso que

R:

recommendations

recommendations examples

quiero que, necesito que, Recomiendo que, sugiero que

D:

Doubts

doubt examples:

yo dudo que, no creo, no es probable, no estoy seguro

O:

Ojala

13.3 Subjunctive with conjunctions

certain conjunctions trigger the subjunctive tense (particularly ones that have que or signal doubt)

examples of conjunctions that trigger the subjunctive

"a menos que" (unless), "antes de que" (before), "para que" (so that), "aunque" (although), "mientras que" (while), "hasta que" (until), "después de que" (after), and "en cuanto" (as soon as)

structure:

main clause, conjunction or trigger, change in subject, subjunctive conjugation

14. 1 subjunctive with adjectives

expressing the existence of something

hypothetical or uncertain things trigger...

SUBJUNCTIVE

un:

subjunctive

el:

indicative

14.2 Nosotros/as Commands

commands a group of people including the speaker to do something

ar:

emos

er/ir:

amos

car, gar, zar

que, gue, ce

15.1 Present perfect

What someone has done

present perfect example

i have already read those books, i haven't gone there before.

present perfect uses...

the present indicative of haber and a past participle

haber in the present perfect

he, has, ha, hemos, han

15.2 The past perfect

what someone had done or what had happened before another past action or event

past perfect (how to remember)

I went to the library before henry and I got lunch

how to conjugate

conjugate haber and then add a past participle

haber conjugation in the past perfect:

había, habías, había, habíamos, habían

15.3 the present perfect subjunctive

same as the present perfect but is triggered by WEIRDO to use subjunctive

how to conjugate

conjugate haber and add a past participle

haber conjugation in the past perfect subjunctive:

haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan

16.1 the future

the futre is used to express things that will happen at a future time

future conjugations (AR/ER/IR)

è, ás, á, emos, án

irregular verbs in the future tense

16. 2 The future perfect

what will have happened by a certain time in the future

the future perfect (how to remember)

-its perfect timing!

-I will have finished my stupid fucking Spanish exam by 10:00 am tomorrow

how to conjugate

the conjugation for haber and a past participle

haber conjugation in the future perfect

habrè, habrás, habrá, habremos, habrán

16.3 Past subjunctive

Used when talking about anything WEIRDO but in the past tense

how to conjugate

conjugate to the ellos form of the preterit (aron/ieron), cut the ron, add ra, ras, ramos, ran

17.1 the conditional

what someone would do or what would happen under certain circumstances

How to conjugate the conditional tense

examples of the conditional tense

yo no me pondría ese vestido. (I wouldn't wear that dress)

17.2 Conditional Perfect

what would have occurred but DIDN'T

Conditional Perfect

you would have loved my solo, if you came… ADRIAN

how to conjugate

conjugate haber and add a past participle

haber conjugation in the conditional perfect

habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habrían

preterite vs imperfect

• Use preterite to describe an action or series of actions that were completed in the past.

• Use imperfect to describe ongoing actions or conditions in the past, without focusing on the beginning or end

preterite conjugation

AR: e, aste, o, amos, asteis, aron

ER/IR: i, iste, io, imos, isteis, ieron

imperfect conjugation

AR- aba, abas, aba, abamos, aban

ER/IR: ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían