Child and Adolescent Development Exam One

Boys and girls are different in what ways?

Brain, cognitive, every way

Cognitive

How we think

Personality

How we act towards the world

Social Development

How we interact with each other

Culture colors

The way we view children

70% of the world

Collectivists: “we” what’s best for us (most mammals are this)

30% of the world

“Us” “me” (America is individualistic)

Race

Biological characteristics

Ethnicity

Social characteristics, we eat different foods on holidays

Cohorts

Groups of individuals who have the same historical experiences

How have kids changed in America?

X-rays to pregnant belly - if something doesn’t feel right DONT

Aspirin

Used for child fevers, found to cause Reye’s syndrome

Formula

Not more beneficial than breast milk

Breastfeeding

Can protect you from breast cancer, the best thing for the family

You can tell how much a person was breastfed by looking at their bone marrow

Cultures are different

Some cultures spank and some do not

Why did before the 1600s did children work in swetshops’s?

They were identified as small adults

Charles Darwin

First to conduct scientific observations of children

Binet

• first to construct IQ tests for children

• His whole career was creating this test

• Were created to determine if 5 or 6 year olds can go to school

Haul

• gives us norms

• Average five year old should be doing this

Plasticity

• degree to which behavior is modifiable

• How much you can change

• High plasticity: you can change a lot

• Low plasticity: you can’t change it (eye color)

Nature vs Nurture

Nature is your dna

Factors that can influence development

• where you live

• Parental relationship

• Nutrition

• Drugs

• Daycare

• Sex of the child, they are treated differently

• Environmental influences

• Socioeconomic status

Four key questions in child development

1. Is development continuous or discontinuous?

   1. Continuous is gradual, discontinuous is sharp

2. Are there critical periods or sensitive periods?

   1. Critical: very small window of time where experience will have irreversible effects, Sensitive: dry small window of time where experience may have irreversible effects

3. When is the most influential stage of development?

   1. Emergenesis principle: states genetics are non-deterministic

      1. Einstein was a genius and his parents are average

4. ?

John Locke

• Theorized that you, me, every baby is born as a blank slate

• On the nurture side, we wrote what we wanted our kids to be like

Modern day behaviorists

• stole john lockes ideas

• John Watson was a modern day behaviorist that said I can raise four children to be totally different people

The Limbic System

• part of the brain that controls impulsivity

• We know the limit system for males is not fully developed for 23-26 years

• Female system take 14-17 years to develop because ancestors were having babies that age

Fraternal twins

• Woman releases two ovums during ovulation and two sperm fertilize them

• Different eggs and different sperm

• Can be same or different sex

Identical twins

• one egg is released and one sperm that splits into two

• All genetic DNA is one and one

• Same sex

Twin studies

Genetics are very powerful

Baby mammals do not cry unless

They have a reason: they are hungry, uncomfortable, sick, etc.

Cardinal need

Skin to skin contact

Idealized child

Child that you want that is not born yet

Intergenerational transmission

• you can break the cycle no matter what type of family you come from

• Transitional character: you can break the cycle

• Native Americans did not drink alcohol until the 1600s

Culture

Shared system meaning customs, beliefs, values, goals, morals, and laws passed down through generations

What are American and western cultures?

Individualistic: me thinking

Do we know why kids are resilient?

No

What are the three theories as to why kids are resilient?

1. Attachment: someone that cared for that child long term

2. That child that everyone loves: horrific home life, when they go to daycare and school

3. That can’t keep him down kid: no one knows how to teach a child to be that way; bobo dolls

All kids have protective and risk factors:

• love

• Parents

• Breast feed

• Safe environment

• Socializing

• Money

Why are siblings different

Sex, genetics, attachment, socioeconomic status

Our parents are people

Before us our parents were people not as a parent

Outdoor schooling

• Scotland is looking into it

• Outdoors is where we learn everything since the beginning of time

Bowlby attachment theory

All mammals have one primary attachment and many secondary attachments

Ethology

• Dr Jane Goodall

• Looking at how behaviors ensure the survival of the species

Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner

• first circle: micro, your loved ones, family

• Second circle: Bezo, school and work

• Third circle: exo, policies and laws Fourth

• Fourth circle: macro, cultural beliefs

• Last circle: chrono, historical time

• These are all influenced by eachother

Sigmund Freud psychodynamic theory

Unconscious motivates behavior

Mother is the most important relationship on the planet

Id- me what i want to do

Ego - rational part of the psyche

Super ego- conscience

Psychosexual Stages of Development

1. Oral stage: birth - 2

2. Anal stage: 2-3 no such thing as toilet training, they cannot be taught that feeling

3. Phalic Stage: 3-6 start concentrating on the genitals

4. Latency stage: 6-12 hanging out with same sex friends

5. Genital stage: 13 and on have to learn how to love nd work

Eric Erickson

• Freudian, contact wiht mother is very important

Trust vs Mistrust

Have learned if the world is a safe place or not (1st year)

Industry vs inferiority

Latency stage 6-12, still figuring out what we are good at vs what we are not good at