Unit 6: Mini Test of Cold War

The purpose and use of political purges

The purpose and use of political purges

To eliminate any opposition to dictatorships and totalitarianism.

Goals of the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution

Mao Zedong attempted to imitate the USSR's 5-year plans. It was a radical collectivization of agriculture and industry. It fails due to corruption and unattainable goals with unacceptable failure, leading to famine and suffering. The Cultural Revolution was a response to the failure of the Great Leap Forward and wanted to fix the damage to Mao's reputation and power. The revolution was his effort to suppress his opponents by saying they were corrupt and to take back power.

Reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's decision to allow elections with a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Problems in post colonial africa

(apartheid, Rwandan genocide, civil wars). Apartheid was a system of segregation based on race. This led to extremely heightened tensions but eventually resulted in the adopting a new constitution. The Rwandan genocide can be looked at as a direct result of imperialism as they conquered by dividing. The Hutu and Tutsi eventually began to hate each other so much that the Hutu feared retribution and had thousands of Tutsi murdered.

Methods of consolidating power

Terror, political purges, control over everyday life (religion), political, social, and economic reforms,

International organization and enforcement of human rights

not helpful..

Role of religious fundamentalism in the middle east

It helped several causes gain popularity. It furthered certain peoples agenda's, pressured people into joining their cause. Furthemore it was a response to the Soviet attack on afghanistan and the fundamentalists felt threatened.

role of anti-imperalism in the middle east

It gave many people a common enemy. They were very tired of imperialist countries coming into their homes and trying to either take or change it based on the countries' respective needs.

Great Leap Forward (China)

radical collectivization of agriculture and industry

100 Flowers Campaign

Allowed citizens to criticize Mao's regime. He eventually took note of all those who spoke out and made life very bad for them

Cadres

A person who occupies a position of authority in a communist party-state; cadres may or may not be Communist Party members.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader (creepy)

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

The Red Guard

The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.

Mao's little red book

This was filled with quotes from Mao on his communist beliefs. During the Cultural Revolution, it was required by law for people to have this on them.

The Four Olds

old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Khrushchev's secret speech

announced destalinization and pointed out everything wrong with Stalin's version of communism

De-Stalinization

Social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor. Led by Nikita Khrushchev.

Perestroika and Glasnost

Named the two policies adopted by the Soviet Union as an attempt to rebuild economic and political system on a democratic, free enterprise model and world peace.

SALT I and Salt II

agreements with the Soviet Union that limited nuclear arsenals of both the US and USSR.

Mujahideen

guerrilla fighters in Islamic countries, especially those who are fighting against non-Muslim forces.

Helsinki Final Act

Created to implement civil and political rights throughout Europe and the Soviet Union. Done to recognize the "universal significance of human rights and fundamental freedom"

Fall of Berlin Wall

1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism

Ruhollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader who denounced the government

Soviet-Afghan War

war between Afghanistan and USSR. Afghanistan wins with the help of the US. Big defeat for the USSR.

Satellite State Revolutions

15 new states formed after the revolutions that were caused by revolutionaries being sick of totalitarianism

Dissolution of the USSR

Gorbachev resigned as president which led to a peaceful transition to the Russian State. Russia was no longer the center of communism.

End of the Warsaw Pact

The disintegration of the communist satellite state pact.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

apartheid

Afrikaans word for separateness. Segregation of Black Africans and restrictions on black political rights and parties. Civil Disobedience, violence, protests, and more led to the end of this movement as well as a new constitution and president.

Ping Pong Diplomacy

US athletes interact with Chinese athletes and eventually leads to decrease of tensions

Richard Nixon

Signed SALT 1 with Brezhnev (limited nuclear weaponry)

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.

One Child Policy

A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China. Resulted in a great gender imbalance, plummeting birth rates, and rise of property prices.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Hong Kong

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997. Problematic because Hong Kong citizens were used to democracy and capitalism and now they have to deal with a communist regime

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Hutu and Tutsi

Two conflicting ethnic groups in Rwanda. The Belgians put the Tutsis in power after Germany got expelled (post WW1). This heightened tensions and lead to the Rwandan Genoicde

Al Qaeda and Taliban

Al-Qaeda: Terrorist group established by Osama bin Laden to rid Muslim countries of Western influence
Taliban: Islamic fundamentalist faction that controlled most of Afghanistan from 1996-2001

NGO's

A non-governmental, non-profit organization that runs aid programs and lobbies for people's rights around the world

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

FW de Klerk

the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. Known for engineering the end of apartheid

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

became leader of Iran and he helped the country get rich. There was strong opposition against him. Many protests eventually caused him to flee the country in 1979.

Religious Fundamentalism

Application of a strict, literal interpretation of religious dogma. This was a reaction to modernism and a perceived degradation of traditional values.

Osama bin Laden

Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. Family hailed from Saudi and he gained popularity as a volunteer because he had money and connections