QUIZ 1 A&P Lab: Language of A&P, Microscopy & The Cell

What part of the microscope holds the ocular lenses and nosepiece?

Head

What is the bottom support structure of the microscope?

Base

Which part connects the base and head and is used for carrying?

Arm

What is the usual magnification of the ocular lenses?

10x

What part holds objective lenses and rotates to change magnification?

Rotating nosepiece

What platform holds the slide?

Stage

Which part focuses light onto the specimen?

Condenser

Which part adjusts the amount of light passing through?

Iris diaphragm

Which knob makes small focus adjustments?

Fine adjustment knob

Which knob makes large focus adjustments?

Coarse adjustment knob

What is the formula for total magnification?

Ocular lens magnification × Objective lens magnification

What is the outer boundary of the cell?

Plasma membrane

What fluid fills the inside of the cell?

Cytoplasm

What is the control center of the cell that stores DNA?

Nucleus

Which organelle makes ATP (energy)?

Mitochondria

Which organelle breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies?

Peroxisome

Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

Ribosome

Which organelle is studded with ribosomes and makes proteins?

Rough ER

Which organelle makes lipids and detoxifies toxins?

Smooth ER

Which organelle modifies, packages, and ships proteins?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes for waste breakdown?

Lysosome

Which filaments provide shape and allow movement?

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Which filaments provide strength?

Intermediate filaments

Which are thick tubes for transport and division?

Microtubules

What organizes microtubules during cell division?

Centrioles

What increases surface area of the cell?

Microvilli

What moves substances along the cell surface?

Cilia

What moves the entire cell?

Flagella

Where are ribosomes made inside the nucleus?

Nucleolus

What are condensed DNA structures seen during division?

Chromosomes

What are the identical halves of a duplicated chromosome?

Sister chromatids

What are chromosome pairs, one from each parent?

Homologous chromosomes

What structure holds sister chromatids together?

Centromere

What makes up the main structure of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer

Which proteins span the entire membrane?

Integral (transmembrane) proteins

Which proteins attach to one side of the membrane?

Peripheral proteins

What molecule stabilizes membrane fluidity?

Cholesterol

What property allows some molecules to pass but not others?

Selective permeability

What type of transport requires no energy?

Passive transport

What type of transport requires energy (ATP)?

Active transport

What is the diffusion of water across a membrane?

Osmosis

What proteins specifically allow water to pass through?

Aquaporins

Solution with equal solute inside and outside the cell?

Isotonic

Solution with lower solute outside → water enters cell?

Hypotonic

Solution with higher solute outside → water leaves cell?

Hypertonic

What phase of the cell cycle is for growth and preparation?

Interphase

What happens in G1 phase?

Cell growth, organelle production

What happens in S phase?

DNA replication

What happens in G2 phase?

Final preparation for division

What are the 4 phases of mitosis (in order)?

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

In which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle?

Metaphase

In which phase do sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase

In which phase does the nuclear envelope reform?

Telophase

What is the division of the cytoplasm into 2 cells?

Cytokinesis

What is the standard reference position of the body used in anatomy?

Anatomical position (standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet slightly apart).

What term means “toward the front of the body”?

Anterior (ventral).

What term means “toward the back of the body”?

Posterior (dorsal).

What term means “toward the head”?

Superior (cranial).

What term means “toward the tail or feet”?

Inferior (caudal)

What term means “closer to the point of attachment”?

Proximal.

What term means “farther from the point of attachment”?

Distal.

What term means “toward the midline”?

Medial.

What term means “away from the midline”?

Lateral.

Which regions are located on the upper left and right sides?

Right and left hypochondriac regions.

What region is located in the upper middle?

Epigastric region.

Which regions are located on the middle left and right sides?

Right and left lumbar regions.

What region is located in the center (belly button area)?

Umbilical region.

Which regions are located on the lower left and right sides?

Right and left iliac regions.

What region is located in the lower middle?

Hypogastric region.