Exam 1: HDFS 225

interaction

unique interaction not driven simply by roles

interdependence

mutual influence

assortive mating

tendency to mate with similar others

self-fulfillment need

self actualization

psychological needs

esteem needs and belonging and love needs

basic needs

safety needs, physiological needs

self actualization

achieving one’s full potential including creative activities

esteem needs

prestige and feeling of accomplishments

belonging and love needs

intimate relationships, friends

safety needs

security, safety

physiological needs

food, water, warmth, rest

defense of marriage act

legally defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman; ended by united states v windsor in 2013

quantitative methods

cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and observational; data are transferred into numerical form and subjected to statistical analysis

qualitative methods

in-depth or open-ended interviews, direct observation, or written documents; data are words / objects that are analyzed for meaningful patterns

self-report

participants are asked questions and respond

social desirability

tendency to respond in a more favorable way; researchers use special questions to detect too much social desirability

reliability

does the scale consistently measure the same thing?

validity

does the scale actually measure what it’s supposed to measure?

cross-sectional research

research studies that rely on data from one point and time; provides info about the relationship (or correlation) between different variables (but correlation does not equal causation)

longitudinal research

research studies that rely on data from more than one point and time; allow for certain, tentative, statements about causality (rare to make a casual statement); stronger than cross-sectional studies but still have weaknesses

experimental research

the research manipulates on variable to see how it impacts a specific outcome (most scientifically sound way to determine causality); treatment and control groups present- actively controls the effect of the variable by withholding it from one group; lacks ecological validity- does not represent a real life situation

archival research and secondary data analysis

use of any pre-existing data for your research; not exactly what you want / need for your research question; saves time, data typically free, bigger sample

sample

who is in your study

representative

people in your study are similar to the population you want to generalize to; they represent the population in key ways;

non-representative

people in your study are not as similar to the population you want to generalize to

convenience sample

people who you have easy access to

purposive sample

people who have experiences or characteristics important to your study

snowball sample

one participant refers the researcher to the next participant

the nature of intimacy

Intimate relationships differ from more casual associations in at least seven specific ways: *knowledge, interdependence, caring, trust, responsiveness, mutuality,* and *commitment*

the need to belong

Humans display a need to belong, a drive to maintain regular interaction with affectionate, intimate partners. Adverse consequences may follow if the need remains unfulfilled over time

the influence of culture

Cultural norms regarding relationships in the United States have changed dramatically over the last 50 years. Fewer people are marrying than ever before, and those who do marry wait longer to do so. People routinely cohabit, and that often makes a future divorce more, not less, likely

sources of change

Economic changes, increasing individualism, and new technology contribute to cultural change. So does the *sex ratio;* cultures with high sex ratios are characterized by traditional roles for men and women, whereas low sex ratios are correlated with more permissive behavior

the influence of experience

Children’s interactions with their caregivers produce different styles of attachment. Four styles—*secure, preoccupied, fearful,* and *dismissing*—which differ in *avoidance of intimacy* and *anxiety about abandonment*, are now recognized. These orientations are mostly learned. Thus, our beliefs about the nature and worth of close relationships are shaped by our experiences within them

the influence of individual differences

There’s wide variation in people’s abilities and preferences, but individual differences are usually gradual and subtle instead of abrupt

sex differences

Despite lay beliefs that men and women are quite different, most sex differences are quite small. The range of variation among members of a given sex is always large compared to the average difference between the sexes, and the overlap of the sexes is so substantial that many members of one sex will always score higher than the average member of the other sex

gender differences

social and psychological distinctions that are taught to people by their cultures. Men are expected to be dominant and assertive, women to be warm and emotionally expressive—but a third of us are *androgynous* and possess both *instrumental,* task-oriented skills and *expressive,* social and emotional talents

personality

stable tendencies that characterize people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior across their whole lives. Openness, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness help produce pleasant relationships, but neuroticism undermines one’s contentment

the influence of human nature

sexual selection shapes human- kind, influenced, in part, by sex differences in *parental investment* and *paternity uncertainty*. The sexes pursue different mates when they’re interested in a long, committed relationship than they do when they’re interested in a short-term affair

the influence of interaction

Relationships result from the combinations of their participants’ histories and talents, and thus are often more than the sum of their parts. Relationships are fluid processes rather than static entities

sexual selection

people are attracted to others who increase the odds of reproduction

theory of parental investment

pressures of sexual selection vary based on the amount of energy and resources each sex must invest in raising an offspring

attachment

a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another

secure attachment

comfortable giving and receiving care; strives for mutual intimacy

insecure ambivalent (anxious)

self-sacrificing; dissatisfied with care received

insecure avoidant

unable or unwilling to give or receive care; maintains emotional distance

proximity

when we are physically close to someone we are more likely to meet and interact

familiarity

repeated contact or mere exposure to others increases how much we like them

reciprocal liking

you like me so i like you; you remind me of me, so i like you, because i like me

social allergens

things like tardiness that make people seem less attractive

romeo and juliet effect

people are more attractive if perceived as forbidden fruit

closing time effect

options are running out, standards drop, attraction increases

balance theory

suggests that we will like those who like us back, and dislike those who dislike us

stimulus

age, sex, looks

value

similarities in attitudes and beliefs

role

more important roles in parenting, careers, house cleaning, etc.

complementing

something that provides a good fit to our own self can be attractive; people will either change their behavior or what they care about as relationships develop

fatal attraction

outgoing might be great at first, but soon turns into irresponsible and foolish

the fundamental basis of attraction

We are attracted to people whose presence is rewarding because they offer us *instrumentality,* assistance in achieving our goals.

bias for beauty

We assume that attractive people have other desirable personal characteristics

social cognition

the process and perceptions that aid us in making sense of our world; help guide our behavior

stereotyping

perceptions are influenced by notions of sex and other preconceived ideas about an individual

reconstructive memory

as we get new info, we re-evaluate our memories

confirmation bias

we see information that makes us feel right

internal attributions

refer to dispositional or trait characteristics (ex: laziness/personality)

external attributions

refer to circumstantial explanations (ex:traffic/weather)

attribution

an explanation for an event

relationship enhancing attribution

intentional and points to fine character

distress maintaining attribution

negative actions are deliberate and routine

actor/observer bias

tendency to make positive explanations for ourselves and negative explanations for other people

self-serving bias

we will take credit for success, but avoid the blame of failures

positive illusions

put partners and relationship in best possible light

disillusionment

sets in when you begin to see each other’s faults

relationship beliefs

beliefs and expectations about our partner and what a relationship should be like

romanticized belief

love is the most important basis for choosing a mate; if truly in love, there will be no conflict; tend to have high initial satisfaction but fair worse in conflict

realistic belief

growth - through overcoming conflict and obstacles, couples will become stronger

integration

seek acceptance and liking

self-promotion

desire for our abilities to be recognized

intimidiation

display oneself as ruthless, dangerous, and menacing

supplication

acting incapable to avoid obligation and get support from other

social exchange theory

an economic theory of social exchange; all behavior is a series of social exchanges

interdependence

mutual influence between partners

rewards

good experiences we gain from contact with others

costs

punishing or undesirable experiences

comparison level

standard by which our satisfaction is measured

derogation of alternatives

tendency to perceive viable alternatives as less attractive

Happy stable relationship

does not matter is clat or CL is higher; do not see alternatives and outcomes exceed our expectations; satisfied and dependent

unhappy stable relationship

CLs are low, but still higher than their alternatives, these folks are dissatisfied; think of unhappy married 60 year olds

happy unstable relationships

where your current outcomes exceed your CL, but your alternatives are plentiful; (ex: sneaky link)

unhappy unstable relationship

this occurs when our outcomes are lower than our alternatives and our comparison levels; short-lasting relationship

investments

tangible and intangible resources invested in the relationships

transformation of motivation

tendency to forego self-interest for the benefit of the partner in the relationship

interpersonal gap

occurs when one person’s intent does not match the impact

self-absorption

too focused on self, perceiving speaker’s info as irrelevant

emotional intelligence

ability to pick up on social cues including non-verbal communication

proxemics

the physical distance that separates people

self disclosure

the sharing of personal information about oneself

depth

topics become more personal over time

breadth

variety of topics people discuss

reciprocity

matching on self-disclosure

catfishing

misrepresentation of self and online deception