bio

Tracheal system

• insects

mechanical digestion

• make food swallowable

• provide large area for enzymes to work on

chemical digestion

marcomolecules broken down into subuits (eg. fatty acids and proteines absorbed into blood stream and then transported to cells34

cellular respiration

C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O

Stomach

HCl (pH 1 - 2) breaks proteins down into amino acids

mechanical digestion j shaped sac

mucus glands make mucus to protect the stomach from pepsine

mucus glands are activated by digestive hormones

food leaves as chyme

saliva

amylase starts to breakdown food

moistens food

antibiotic proteine\

3 pairs of salivary glands

esophagus

peristalsis - smooth muscles push food down

colon

water absorbtion

bacteria - vitamin synthesis and break down some complex carbs

→ gut health

small intestine

• duodenum jejunum, ileum

• digest with enzymes

• absorbtion - has large surface area with vilus/villi and microvilli

• trypsin - starts protein digestion proccess

• HCO3- pH opt 8

teeth

homodont and heterodont

incisors canines, pre/molars

carnissial

pancreas

creates all proteins needed

feeder types

filter feeder, liquid feeder

substrate feeder (lives in your food ex. tapeworms)

chunk feeder - led to teeth

Celiac

Chronic digestive and immune disorder that damages small intestine triggered by eating gluten containing foods. When someone who is celiac eats gluten the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine (responsible for nutrient absorption)

Celiac cannot be prevented

Celiac cannot be cured either but can be managed with a strict gluten free diet (avoiding foods with wheat, rye, barley and triticale) this can heal damages to small intestine and relieve symtoms

IBS

Group of symptoms like repated pain in abdoment and changes in bowel movements (diarrhea and constipation) without visible signs of damage in your digestive track

IBS occurs with infections, issues with nerves in digestive system, stress, changes in gut microbes and muscle contractions in the intestine

To prevent IBS manage stress, eat enough fibre and hydrate

There is no cure for IBS but it is managable with lifestyle and diet changes

• Acid reflux (GER & GERD)

GER whn stomach contents come back up into esophagus GED more severe and long lasting when ger causes repeated symptoms that can lead to complications over time

Occurs when lower esophageal sphincter becomes wek or relaxes whe it shouldn’t 

Things that increase risk: smoking, eating large meals, certain foods, certain bevrages, some medications

e cured permanently with a TIF surgery for chronic issues. Its a minimally invasive surgery 

Lifestyle and diartary changes can prevent acid reflux (loosing weight, eating high fibre foods ect.)

Acid reflux can be immensely reduced with lifestyle changes and in worse cases can be cured permanently with a TIF surgery for chronic issues. Its a minimally invasive surgery that reconstructs the valve between the stomach and esophagus.

Cystic fibrosis

CF is an autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus, poour growth ect. There is no way to prevent CF from occuring in patients who inherit the mutated gene from both parents. There is no cure for CF but treatment has improve lots. To manage symptoms your lifestyle has to change and things like medication and physical therapy are essential

Asthma

Inflammation of the airway wall and abnormal narrowing of airways 

Occurs after exercise, exposure of allergens, viral respiratory infection and irritand fumes or gases

Asthma developps from genetic factors, other than that it is not fully understood what causes it

You can avoid your asthma being developed by keeping your home clear of dampness and mold and keeping a healthy lifestyle

There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed with lifestyle changes and treatment like an inhaler

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

COPD chronic disease that usually only starts to show in people 55 and up, howver changes to lungs starts before. Symptoms inluce shortness of breath, cough and sputum production. COPD is cause by long term exposure to irritants in the lungs like smoking. Quitting smoking, avoiding pollutants and vacinations can prvent COPD from developping. To treat COPD you can quit smoking, take medications, take oxygen therapy and in some more extreme cases undergo surgery or lung transplants

• Thoracis aortic aneurysms

A bulging or widening of the aorta- weakened wall can lead to rupture what causes- high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries (artheroscelorosis) high colesterol, smoking certain genetic conditions. Manage high blood pressure, quitting smoking, balanced diet. Can be repaired via surgery, (open surgery or endovascular procedures) recommended for aneurysms 5 - 6 cm and larger unless you have a family history of reputures or condition linked to aneurysms 

Atrial fibrillation

Hearts upper chambers beat irregularly. Cause - probelsm with the hearts structure, problems with natural pacemaker, high blood pressure, heart attacks. Prevention. Controlling high-blood pressure, high colesterol and diabetes. Heart-heathy lifestyle. Treatement for AFib may include medication, therapy to reset the heart rhythym and surgery procedures

Hypertension

When force of blood pushing against artery walls is constantly too high - no noticable symtoms besides high blood pressure. Prvention- heathy lifestyle, low sodium, limit alcohol, exercise ect. Hypertension is cause by genetics, lifstyle and sometimes from other medical conditions . treatment- eating heart-healthy, physical activity, healthy wieght ect.

micronutriens

vitamins and minerals- small intestine

carbohydrates

disaccaharids, polysaccharid (starch), monomer= monosaccharid

circulatory

none- diffusion only

open: body liquid (nemolymph, lymph, blood) is not always contained in cells

closed: blood always contained in cells

types of veines

artery (away from heart) → arterials

veines- towrads the heart

capilaireies one cell thick echange gasses

119/70 mm/Hg

first number - systolic: when ventrical contract

diastolic: when ventricals relaxe

heart rate

CO2 is measured in the body

when CO2 dissolves in blood H2CO3 forms which changes the pH level

body wants to reggulate pH level → heart rate changes accordingly thanks to SA node (natural pacemaker)

which connects to AV node → connects to purkinje fibres → makes ventricals contract

blood

55 plasma, 44 red blood cells (erythocites) 1 white blood cells leukocytes