Notebook 8-11

Proclamation of 1763 – restricted colonial expansion west of the Appalachians.

Sugar Act (1764) – tax on imported sugar and other goods.

Stamp Act (1765) – first direct tax on the colonies.

Quartering Act (1765) – required colonists to house and feed British troops.

Townshend Acts (1767) – taxes on a broad swath of goods, including tea.

Tea Act (1773) – aimed to save the British East India Company, led to colonial opposition.

Coercive / Intolerable Acts (1774) – laws punishing Massachusetts for colonial resistance.

Sons of Liberty – colonial group opposing British taxes, responsible for Boston Tea Party.

Thomas Paine – author of Common Sense, argued for independence.

Monopoly – exclusive control over a product or service (e.g., Tea Act).

Aristocracy – wealthy or privileged ruling class opposed by Sons of Liberty.

Thomas Jefferson – primary author of the Declaration of Independence.

George Washington – commander of the Continental Army, led Delaware crossing, Valley Forge winter camp.

William Howe – British general defeated by Washington at Manhattan.

Charles Cornwallis – British general surrendered at Yorktown.

Alexander Hamilton – Federalist, advocate for a strong central government.

James Madison – Federalist, “Father of the Constitution,” proposed Bill of Rights.

John Adams – Antifederalist, critic of centralized authority.

Abigail Adams – advocated for women’s rights, “Remember the Ladies.”

Judith Murray – author of On the Equality of the Sexes.

Eli Whitney – inventor of the cotton gin.

Thomas Paine – author of Common Sense.

Benjamin Franklin – publisher, writer, advocate for independence.

First Continental Congress (1774) – meeting to discuss colonial response to British policies.

Second Continental Congress (1775) – managed the war effort, moved toward independence.

Lexington and Concord (1775) – first battles of the Revolutionary War.

Bunker Hill (1775) – moral victory for colonists.

Valley Forge (1777–1778) – winter camp, critical training and supply challenges.

Battle of Trenton (1776) – small but morale

boosting victory.

Battle of Saratoga (1777) – turning point, gained French support.

Treaty of Alliance (1778) – France allied with U.S.; Spain joined 1779.

Surrender at Yorktown (1783) – final major battle, ending the war.

Treaty of Paris (1783) – officially ended the Revolutionary War.

Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) – first national government, weak central authority.

Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787) – uprising of farmers highlighting weaknesses of Articles.

Constitutional Convention (1787) – drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

U.S. Constitution (1787) – established federal government with separation of powers.

Bill of Rights (1791) – first 10 amendments protecting individual and state rights.

Patriots – colonists seeking independence from Britain.

Loyalists – colonists loyal to the British Crown.

Abolition / Abolitionism – movement to end slavery.

Fugitive Slave Act (1793) – law requiring return of escaped slaves.

Republican Motherhood – idea women educate sons in civic virtue.

Federalists – supported strong national government.

Antifederalists – supported strong state power, feared tyranny.

Checks and balances – system to limit power of each branch of government.

Bicameral legislature – two

house Congress (Senate and House of Representatives).

Virginia Plan – representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan – equal representation for all states.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) – combined Virginia & New Jersey plans.