Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases glucose levels in the bloodstream.

Stimulus motive

A motive that appears to be unlearned and increases stimulation, such as curiosity.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that reduces glucose levels in the bloodstream.

Leptin

A hormone that signals the hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase feelings of fullness.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A theory that suggests physiological reactions and emotions occur simultaneously.

Incentives

Things that attract or lure people into action.

Sensation seeker

Someone who requires more arousal than the average person.

Homeostasis

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady internal state.

Drive-reduction theory

A motivation theory that behavior arises from internal drives to satisfy physiological needs.

Drive

A state of psychological tension and physical arousal arising from a need.

Acquired drives

Drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money.

Primary drives

Drives that involve physiological needs of the body, like hunger and thirst.

Motivation

The process of initiating, directing, and continuing activities to satisfy needs or wants.

Display rules

Learned ways of controlling emotional displays in social settings.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Theory suggesting that facial expressions influence emotional experience.

Incentive approaches

Theories describing behavior as a response to external stimuli and their rewarding properties.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards, where the act itself is satisfying.

Emotion

The feeling aspect of consciousness characterized by physical arousal and inner awareness.

James-Lange theory of emotion

A theory suggesting that physiological reactions lead to labeling an emotion.

Cognitive-mediational theory

Theory stating that a stimulus must be interpreted to produce a physical and emotional response.

Weight set point

The specific level of weight the body tries to maintain.

Arousal theory

A motivation theory proposing that people seek to maintain an optimal level of tension.

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation to perform an action that leads to an external outcome separate from the person.

Need for affiliation (nAff)

The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.

Need for power (nPow)

The desire to have control or influence over others.

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Theory that emphasizes the importance of social context on motivation.

Peak experiences

Moments of self-actualization when an individual temporarily reaches their full potential.

Self-actualization

The achievement of one's full human potential, as defined by Maslow.

Need

A material requirement essential for the survival of the organism.

Instincts

Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior in both people and animals.

Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory)

Theory stating that physical arousal and its labeling from the environment must occur to experience emotion.

Need for achievement (nAch)

A need characterized by a strong desire to succeed in attaining realistic and challenging goals.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The rate at which the body burns energy while resting.