Nutrition Final

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

Linoleic acid

List the function(s) of fat in the body:

Cell membrane material

Shock Absorption

​energy sources

Skin insulation

Which type of lipid is used to synthesize the fat-soluble vitamin D?

cholesterol

Which of the following is a good food source of omega-3 fat?

Salmon

Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of ____.

double bonds

Which of the following contains mostly saturated fatty acids and is solid in room temperature?

Butter

According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?

35%

In the digestion of fats, ______ acts as emulsifier.

bile

The major fat-digesting enzyme in the small intestine is .

pancreatic lipase

Which product is considered a major source of polyunsaturated fat?​

Corn oil

Which type of lipoprotein is the largest and least dense?

Chylomicrons

In which form are most dietary lipids found?

triglycerides

Bile is released from gallbladder into___________ in order to facilitate fat digestion

small intestine

Which product provides abundant amounts of omega-3 fatty acids?​

Flaxseed oil

Which of the following is a good food source for phospholipids?

egg yolks

Which of the following foods contains cholesterol?

roasted turkey (any MEAT)

The major fat-digesting enzyme in the small intestine is .

pancreatic lipase

Which of the following food proteins has the best assortment of essential amino acids for the human body?​

Egg

Which of the following is not a function of protein in the body?

help with fat digestion

If body synthesizes protein more than it degrades, this means the body is in___________________

positive nitrogen status

What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?​

the side group

The process whereby messenger RNA is made from a DNA template is ____.

transcription

When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a ____.

dipeptide

Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid in human nutrition?​

proline

Which of the following is an example of complementary proteins?

black beans and rice

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?​

Leucine

The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as ____.

denaturation

In general, the protein quality in grains would be most improved by the addition of a plant protein rich in ____.​

lysine

Protein digestion starts in the _____________, where _______________ denatures proteins.

Stomach, hydrochloric acid

What percentage of total calorie should be provided by protein?

10-35%

Essential amino acids are those that________

The body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be supplied by the diet

Where do the TCA cycle reactions take place?

Inner compartment of the mitochondria

Which process describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?

metabolism

What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?

Liver

Which reaction is characterized as catabolic?

Pyruvate formation from glucose

The process when building body compounds and requires energy called_______________.

Anabolism

Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of ____.

Acetyl CoA

An anaerobic reaction is one that does not require ____.

Oxygen

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

ATP

Human body can generate ATP from the breakdown of all of the following nutrients except_____________.

Vitamins

A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for ____.

mitochondria

Glycolysis:

converts glucose to pyruvate

Which cellular organelle is the primary site for ATP production?

mitochondria

How many net ATP is generated during glycolysis?

2

Which of the following(s) is(are) examples of alcohol's damage to our body?

All of the above

Glycolysis is the conversion of ____.

​glucose to pyruvate

During gluconeogenosis, ____________________

glucose is generated

​When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?

Fat, carbohydrate, and protein

The DASH diet plan was recommended to prevent

hypertension

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis?​

All of the above

What is the major extracellular electrolyte?​

Sodium

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?

Processed foods

Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of

vit D

Which of the following statement about water is INCORRECT?​

Urination is the only way our body excrete water

Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium?

​Certain greens such as mustard and turnip greens

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to

​provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

Which of the following is a feature of potassium?

Liberal intakes may correct hypertension

Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition?

Water intoxication is rare but can result in death

Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body?

Water

When dietary intake of calcium is low, Parathyroid hormone will stimulate bone resorption in order to raise serum calcium level.

True

Chloride is part of the stomach acid.

true

What is the upper limit for sodium intake per day in the U.S.?

2300 mg

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium?

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Which of the following population has the highest risk factor in developing osteoporosis?

Older women

What is the major intracellular electrolyte?

Potassium

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as

interstitial fluid

Where is interstitial water found?

Between cells

Which of the following is a feature of iodide utilization?

Both a deficiency and a toxicity may lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?

​Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow

Which of the following is the best food sources for fluoride?

Fluoridated tap water

Which of the following is the most common cause of dental fluorosis?

Eating fluoride containing dental products

Which of the following foods provides heme iron which has higher bioavailability than non-heme iron?​

chicken

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron utilization?

Most of the body's iron is recycled

Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc?​

Oysters and steaks

Which of the following would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine?

​Thyroid gland enlargement

Which of the following is a symptoms of iron deficiency?​

Impaired energy metabolism

Which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodine for a lacto-ovo vegetarian?​

Iodized table salt

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?​

The human body only needs a small amounts for optimal functioning

Which of the following is known to enhance iron absorption?

​Foods containing vitamin C

Which of the following nutrients can play a role as antioxidants in the body?

Selenium

Deficiency of what trace mineral can cause anemia?

iron

Which of the following is the most common cause of dental fluorosis?

Swallowing fluoride-containing dental products

Which of the following are symptoms of zinc deficiency?

All of the options are symptoms of zinc deficiency

Which of the following accurately describes iron homeostasis?

Iron homeostasis is controlled at the point of absorption

What is the most important role of selenium in the body?

It acts as an antioxidant

In which of the following tissues is glycogen typically stored?

muscle and liver

What is the principle carbohydrate of milk?

lactose

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is called ____.

hydrolysis​

Most carbohydrate digestion occurs in __________

small intestine

What is the composition of lactose?

one glucose and one galactose unit

______________ is the preferred source of energy for the brain and nerve cells.

glucose

What is the recommended intake of dietary fiber?

14 grams per 1000 kcal

What is the composition of sucrose?

one glucose and one fructose unit

What type of nutrient is starch?

complex carbohydrate

After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells?

insulin

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

glycogen

What is the primary function of insulin?

lowers blood glucose levels

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

glucagon

What is the composition of sucrose?

one glucose and one fructose unit

What is the sweetest-tasting monosaccharides in the diet?

fructose