Lipids and Lipoproteins (Exam 2)

What are the 6 types of lipoproteins?

- Cholymicrons

- Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

- Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)

- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

- High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

- Lipoprotein (a)

What is the order of groups, from least to most dense (largest to smallest)?

Chylomicron --> VLDL --> IDL --> LDL --> HDL

What are the three transport pathways of lipoprotein metabolism?

- Exogenous

- Endogenous

- Reverse cholesterol

In the exogenous pathway, ______ transfer ______-derived lipids to the liver.

chylomicrons, dietary

In the exogenous pathway, chylomicrons from the diet enter the capillaries where ______ breaks it down into what two fractions?

lipase

free fatty acids and chylomicron remnant

The free fatty acids go to ______ and ______.

muscles, adipose tissues

The chylomicron remnants go to the ______.

liver

In the endogenous pathway, ______ transfers ______-derived lipids to cells via LDL.

VLDL, hepatic

In the endogenous pathway, VLDL from the liver enters the capillaries where ______ breaks it down into what to fractions?

lipase

free fatty acids, IDL

The free fatty acids go to the ______ and ______.

muscles, adipose tissue

The IDL goes to the ______ or becomes ______.

liver, LDL

This LDL can go either to the ______ or ______.

liver, peripheral tissues

In the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, ______ removes excess cholesterol.

HDL

The excess cholesterol comes from ______.

macrophages

After it is removed by HDL, the excess cholesterol enters the ______.

liver (bile --> excreted)

Cholesteryl ester byproducts enter ______.

circulation

Apolipoprotein is the ______ portion of lipoproteins, located on the surface.

protein

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is caused by a deficiency in ______.

lipase

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency is characterized by ______.

hyperchylomicronemia

Patients with lipoprotein lipase deficiency have extremely high ______ levels (5,000-10,000 mg/dL).

triglyceride

This causes a _______ serum.

milky

Physically, ______ are observed with lipoprotein lipase deficiency.

xanthoma (rash due to excess lipids trying to escape through the skin)

Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) causes increased plasma concentrations of ...

- Cholesterol and LDL (type 2a)

- Triglycerides (type 4)

- All of the above (type 2b)

In a patient with FCHL, triglyceride levels are usually between ______, but can be much higher.

200-400 mg/dL

Familial hypertriglyceridemia is very common and causes a moderate increase in serum ______.

triglycerides

Familial hypertriglyceridemia also causes increased ______.

VLDL

Familial hypertriglyceridemia is commonly associated with low ______.

HDL

Type V hyperlipoproteinemia causes an increase in both ______ and ______.

chylomicrons, VLDL

What would a blood tube of a patient with type V hyperlipoproteinemia show?

Almost the entire tube will have look like butter (see slides)

______ and altered ______ are common with type V hyperlipoproteinemia.

Pancreatitis, glucose tolerance

Dysbetalipoproteinemia is caused by a mutant form of ______.

Apo E

Dysbetalipoproteinemia patients will have an accumulation of ______ and ______ in the serum.

chylomicron remnants, IDL

Premature ______ is possible with dysbetalipoproteinemia.

atherosclerosis

Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by a defect in the ______ pathway.

LDL receptor

Familial hypercholesterolemia causes there to be increased deposition of ______ in what areas of the body?

LDL

skin, tendons, arteries

A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia will have ______x the normal plasma LDL level.

2-3

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia causes a decrease/absence of ______.

HDL

Hyporlaphalipoproteinemia causes an increased risk of ______ in patients.

CVD

______ (disease) is associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia.

Tangier's disease

Tangier's disease is a ______ of alpha liproproteins.

total absence

Tangier's disease is due to massive ______ deposits in macrophages.

cholesterol

Excess fats present in Tangier's disease cause the tonsils to be ______.

orange

Tangier's disease patients are susceptible to ______.

atherosclerosis

LDL and VLDL are ______ associated with CVD.

directly

HDL is ______ associated with CVD.

inversely

Lipoprotein (a) is measured to asses the likelihood of ______ in an individual with normal ______ values but a strong history of CVD.

CVD, normal

Presence of lipoprotein (a) indicates ______.

risk for CVD

What are the three lipid storage diseases?

- Niemann Pick

- Gaucher's

- Tay Sach's

Excess chylomicrons causes a ______ in plasma upon overnight refrigeration.

creamy layer

Chylomicrons are not normally present in a ______ sample.

fasting

A high concentration of VLDL will make serum appear ______ after overnight refrigeration.

milky (creamy layer)