Human Physiology Exam 4

_____% of the whole body is blood

8

In whole blood: _____% plasma and _____% formed elements

55; 45

What is the difference between plasma and serum

Serum has clotting elements removed, blood has cells removed

Plasma proteins are made by the

Liver

Vitamin K is needed to make

Fibrogen

Why is it important to give Vitamin K to babies

Baby intestines are not colonized by the bacteria

What are the three main types of formed elements

Red blood cells/erythrocytes

White blood cells/leukocytes

Platelets/thrombocytes

Hematopoiesis is involved in forming _____, and occurs in _____

Blood; red bone marrow

What is normal blood volume for an adult male

5 to 6 liters

What is normal blood volume for an adult female

4 to 5 liters

Hematocrit is also known as

Packed cell volume which describes the volume percent of RBCs in whole blood

What is normal hematocrit

55% plasma and 45% RBCs

Low hematocrit describes _____

Anemia (too few red blood cells results in low hematocrit); has high amount of plasma and low amount of RBCs

High hematocrit is known as

Polycythemia; low in plasma and high in RBCs

What is the average hematocrit for a man

40% to 54%

What is the average hematocrit for a woman

38% to 47%

RBCs start with a nucleus, but once they mature, have _____ nucleus

No

What is the shape of a RBC

Biconcave disk for increased surface area

Hemoglobin accounts for more that _____ of cell volume

1/3

RBCs surface area can be larger than

A football field

What is the function of RBCs

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme in

RBCs

Each hemoglobin has ____ chains

4

2 are alpha

2 are beta

_____ cells are affected by sickle cell

Beta

Each RBC has _____ to _____ million molecules of hemoglobin

200 to 300

What is it called when hemoglobin binds to oxygen

Oxyhemoglobin

CO + Hb=

Carboyhemoglobin

CO2 + Hb=

Carbaminohemoglobin

What is erythropoiesis

Entire process of RBC formation

What is erythropoietin

A hormone that increases oxygen

What is the life span of RBCs

120 days

What do blood types refer to

Cell markers or antigens present on RBC membranes

Blood type _____ is a universal donor(has no antigens)

O

Blood type _____ is a universal recipient(don’t have antibodies)

AB

What is erythroblastosis fetalis

Mother is Rh negative and gives birth to a Rh positive baby. If the mother becomes pregnant again, her antibodies can cross the placenta and create severe anemia in the new baby.

White blood cells have _____ types

5

What are the 3 granulocytes

Neutrophils: make up 65% of total WBC count(most abundant type of white cell; first responders; capable of diapedesis(can squeeze out of vessel); multi-lobed nucleus, neutrophils are a PMN(polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

Eosinophils: make up 2 to 5% of WBCs; provide protection against parasitic worms and infections; help regulate allergic reactions

Basophils: make up .5 to 1% of WBCs; together with mast cells release histamine(too much histamine can cause blood to drop)

What are the 2 agranulocytes

Lymphocytes: smallest of WBCs; second more abundant(25%); involved in adaptive immune system; have large circular nuclei; part of the lymphoid cell line

• B and T cells: T cells can track an infected cell, and B cells produce antibodies against specific antigens

Monocytes: involved with innate immune system; called macrophages after leaving blood; highly mobile and highly phagocytic cells; kidney bean shape nuclei

Red blood cells are more numerous, there’s _____ WBC for _____ RBCs

1; 1000

What is a decrease in WBCs called

Leukopenia

What is a decrease in RBCs called

Anemia

What is an increase in WBCs called

Leukocytosis

What is an increase in RBCs called

Parasitosis

What is the structure and function of platelets

Platelets are small, pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles or oval disks. They have 3 important physical properties: agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation. They play an important role in hemostasis. They also have a life span of 7 days.

Platelets: What is agglutination

Clamping as a result from antibody and antigen reaction

Platelets: What is adhesiveness

Platelets can adhere to vessel wall

Platelets: What is aggregation

Clamping between two platelets

What is hemostasis

Process to stop and slow bleeding when vessel is injured

1. Vasoconstriction causes temporary closure of a damaged vessel and lessens blood loss

2. Platelet plug formation: 1 to 5 seconds after injury to a vessel wall, platelets adhere to damaged endothelial lining and to one another to form a platelet plug

3. A temporary platelet plus is an important step in hemostasis

4. “Sticky platelets” form the physical plug and secrete several chemicals involved in the coagulation process

What are the 3 stages of blood clotting

1. Activation pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic

2. Thrombin formation

3. Fibrin clot formation

In clot formation: factor 10 is

A common pathway, convergence

Hemophilia affects the

Intrinsic pathway

Conditions that oppose clotting involves

Antithrombin which prevents thrombin from converting

Conditions that hasten clotting include

Rough spot in the endothelium

Abnormally slow blood flow

Once started, clots tend to grow

Fibrinolysis:

Dissolves clots

What is t-PA(tissue plasminogen activator)

An enzyme that helps burst clots by converting plasminogen

These 3 plasma proteins: fibrinogens, globulin, and aubolin are made by

The liver

We can use hemoglobin to estimate hematocrit by

Multiplying hemoglobin by 3 to approximate hematocrit