Lecture Review on Macromolecules and Cell Biology

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and concepts discussed in the lecture, focusing on macromolecules, cell biology, and their functions.

Dehydration reaction

A reaction that involves the removal of water to bond two monomers together.

Hydrolysis

A reaction involving the addition of water to break down polymers into monomers.

Amino acid

The monomer building block of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique R group.

Peptide bond

The bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

Nucleotide

The monomer for nucleic acids, made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Triglyceride

A type of lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol, serving as an energy source.

Functional groups

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.

Cell Theory

A fundamental concept stating that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotes

Simple, unicellular organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria.

Eukaryotes

Complex, multicellular organisms with membrane-bound organelles, including animals, plants, and fungi.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle responsible for processing and packaging proteins for transport.

Lysosomes

Organelles that digest large cellular molecules and recycle cellular parts.

Vacuoles

Storage organelles in plant cells that hold materials such as water and nutrients.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, converting sunlight into energy.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration, inherited maternally.

Saturated fats

Fats that are solid at room temperature and are typically found in animal products.

Unsaturated fats

Fats that are liquid at room temperature, usually found in plant oils.