Week 9 Quiz Flashcards

How can cosolvents (mixed solvent system which can improve medicine stability)?

By improving the solubility of the unionised form of a weak acid/base

How can cyclodextrins (cyclic sugar molecules) improve medicine stability?

By forming a complex with the active ingredient, so that it is protected from water molecules

What is the reason for oxidation of components within a medicine ?

The loss of electrons from their structures

How do antioxidants and reducing agents in formulations work?

They work by binding with free radicals in the solution

What is photolysis?

Photolysis is the breakage of bonds via. Light interaction leading to degradation

Chelating agents are included in formulations to prevent trace metal catalysis. How do they work?

By forming a complex with the metal ion, so that it becomes inactive in solution

The neurotransmitter released by preganglionic sympathetic neurones is…

Acetylcholine

The receptor that allows postganglionic autonomic neurones to respond to preganglionic neuronal stimulation is the…

Nicotinic receptor

The receptor causing release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland after sympathetic stimulation is the…

Nicotinic receptor

The neurotransmitter released from the vagal nerve postganglionic neurones innervating the heart is…

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter released from sympathetic postganglionic neurones innervating gastrointestinal arterioles…

Noradrenaline

The receptor on sweat glands responsive to sympathetic stimulation is the…

Muscarinic receptor

The receptor in the bladder mediating sympathetic relaxation is the…

Adrenoreceptor

The receptor in the pupillary constrictor muscle mediating parasympathetic pupil constriction is the…

Muscarinic receptor

Which TWO of the following are correct statements about the physiology of the sympathetic nervous system?

• Sympathetic nerve stimulation decreases gastrointestinal motility

• The synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic neurones can be found in bilateral paravertebral ganglia.

Which TWO of the following are correct statements about the parasympathetic nervous system?

• Parasympathetic stimulation leads to a reduction in heart rate (bradycardia)

• Parasympathetic stimulation results in pancreatic enzyme secretion

Which RAPID effect would a Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist have on neurotransmission between a pre and postganglionic autonomic neurone?

Action potential initiation in postsynaptic cell

Tiotropiu is used to increase bronchodilation in COPD patients. It is a Muscarinic receptor . What are some side effects?

• Dry mouth

• Urinary retention

• Blurred vision

• Tachycardia

Methyl-DOPA is a false substrate for the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase in the noradrenaline synthesis pathway. What is a consequence of methyl-DOPA administration?

Arteriole dilation in blood vessels supplying the gut

Pyridostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. What are some side effects?

• Sweating

• Diarrhoea

• Bronchoconstriction

• Pupil constriction

Timolol is. A NON-SELECTIVE blocker of beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoreceptors. What is a possible side effect?

Bronchoconstriction

Phenylephrine is an alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist.

What might be an effect following phenylephrine administration?

Pupil dilation

What is an occupational therapist?

Help people overcome the effects of disability caused by illness, ageing or accident so that they can carry out everyday tasks or occupations, for example by poviding specialist equipment or through therapeutic techniques to support daily activities.

What is a dietitian?

Qualified and regulated health professional that assesses, diagnoses and treats dietary and nutritional problems.

What is a psychiatrist?

A medical doctor who diagnoses illness, manages treatment and provides a range of therapies for (often complex and serious) mental illness.

What is a chiropractor?

Work to treat emotional, mental and behavioural issues(such as learning difficulties, behavioural problems, depression and anxiety) through psychological treatments

What is a physiotherapist?

Helps to improve movement and fundtion affected by illness, injury or disability, through movement, exercise or mnual therapy.

Which type of principle of medicines optimisation? - (Providing advice about dosage and possible side-effects)

As safe as possible

Which type of principle of medicines optimisation? - (The dosage follows that stated in the BNF for that indication)

Evidence based

Which type of principle of medicines optimisation? - (Realising the patient is worried about their newly-diagnosed condition)

Understand the patient perspective

Which type of principle of medicines optimisation? - (The drug is in the local formulary for the indication)

Evidence based

Which type of principle of medicines optimisation? - (Having effective communication systems between hospitals, GPs and pharmacists)

As safe as possible

What is true of OPEN systems?

• Energy can be transferred between the system and surroundings

• Matter can be transferred between the system and surroundings

What is true of CLOSED systems?

• Energy can be transferred between the system and surroundings

• Matter CANNOT be transferred between the system and surroundings

What is true of ISOLATED systems?

• Energy CANNOT be transferred between the system and surroundings

• Matter CANNOT be transferred between the system and surroundings

What is true of spontaneous reactions?

• Entropy change is positive

• The larger the free energy change, the slower the reaction

• Often, enthalpy change is positive but not exclusively

• Level of disorder of universe increases