Exam 3 Review: Developmental, Gender, and Clinical Domains

What are the two main influences on development according to the nature vs. nurture debate?

Genetic and environmental influences.

How can childhood poverty affect a child's development?

It can negatively affect emotional regulation and cognitive growth.

What is the significance of life events like marriage and trauma in personality development?

They influence personality traits dynamically.

What traits are promoted by collectivist cultures?

Humility, conformity, and family roles.

What traits do individualist cultures emphasize?

Autonomy and achievement.

How do cultural values impact developmental stages?

They shape how developmental stages, like midlife or adulthood, are experienced.

What characterizes Emerging Adulthood?

Identity exploration and instability, typically from ages 18 to 25.

What is a midlife crisis and how is it perceived culturally?

It is more cultural than biological and not universal.

How do early experiences influence personality traits?

They can have long-term effects, such as those from neglect or parenting style.

What does the consistency model of personality suggest?

Traits are stable over time.

What does the openness model of personality suggest?

Traits evolve due to significant life events or environmental changes.

What does progeria illustrate in biological theories of aging?

It illustrates the programmed aging theory.

How do genetics influence individual differences?

They influence temperament, intelligence, and the pace of aging.

What are Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Stages of development that include identity vs. role confusion.

What are Piaget's cognitive stages?

Stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operational.

What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development criticized for?

Cultural bias.

What is Vygotsky's contribution to cognitive development?

He emphasized learning through social interaction, including concepts like ZPD and scaffolding.

How does structured learning impact personality development?

It develops conscientiousness.

What does student-centered learning promote?

Openness, creativity, and independence.

Who is at higher risk for suicide and why?

Adolescents and older adults due to identity confusion or social isolation.

What are some developmental roots of criminal behavior?

Neglect and poor emotional regulation.

What are the biological definitions of sex and gender?

Sex refers to biological attributes (XX, XY), while gender is a social construct.

What is androgyny?

A mix of masculine and feminine traits.

What does nonbinary or genderfluid mean?

Gender is experienced on a continuum.

What is androcentrism?

Centering male experience as the norm.

What is the impact of gender stereotypes on risk perception?

They can affect how risks are perceived, such as in studies on hurricane names.

What is the role of schema therapy in clinical applications?

It restructures core beliefs.