Foundations of American Democracy Overview

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the power of the government comes from the people.

Rule of Law

The idea that no one is above the law, including government officials.

Separation of Powers

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches.

Federalism

The division of power between the federal (national) government and state governments.

Individual Rights

The protection of personal freedoms and liberties against government infringement.

Representative Democracy

A form of democracy in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

Electoral Process

The method by which citizens select their representatives in government.

Civic Responsibility

The duties and responsibilities of citizens in a democracy.

Majority Rule and Minority Rights

The majority's decisions should guide the government, but the rights of the minority must be protected.

Freedom of Speech

The right to express opinions without government censorship or restraint.

Legislative Branch

Makes laws.

Executive Branch

Enforces laws.

Judicial Branch

Interprets laws.

Federal Powers

Regulate interstate commerce, conduct foreign policy, and maintain a military.

State Powers

Regulate education, law enforcement, and public health.

Bill of Rights

Guarantees freedoms such as speech, religion, and assembly.

Due Process

Rights to due process and equal protection under the law.

Voting

The primary way that citizens exercise their political power.

Electoral College

Used to elect the President.

Active Participation

Essential for maintaining a healthy democracy.

Tyranny of the Majority

The oppression of the minority by the majority.

First Amendment

Protects freedom of speech.

Freedom of the Press

Media's right to publish without government interference.

Freedom of Religion

Right to practice any religion without government interference.

Establishment Clause

Prohibits government from establishing a national religion.

Free Exercise Clause

Protects individuals' rights to practice their religion.

Right to Petition

Formal request to government to address grievances.

Right to Assemble

Gathering peacefully for protests or demonstrations.

Judicial Independence

Judiciary free from influence by other government branches.

Due Process of Law

Government must respect legal rights owed to individuals.

Fifth Amendment

Protects against self-incrimination and guarantees due process.

Fourteenth Amendment

Ensures equal protection and due process for all citizens.

Equal Protection Under the Law

All individuals treated equally by the government.

Limited Government

Government powers restricted by law to protect rights.

Consent of the Governed

Government authority derives from the people's consent.

The Social Contract

Individuals agree to form governments for protection.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating for natural rights and government accountability.

Republicanism

Government where representatives are elected by the people.

Civic Virtue

Citizens act in the common interest of society.

Political Equality

Equal rights for all citizens in political participation.

The Common Good

Society works for the benefit of all citizens.