Anat and Phys Final Exam

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Alkalosis

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Condition where tissue pH is greater than 7.4, indicating a basic level.

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Acidosis

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Condition where tissue pH is less than 7.35, indicating an acidic level.

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112 Terms

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Alkalosis

Condition where tissue pH is greater than 7.4, indicating a basic level.

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Acidosis

Condition where tissue pH is less than 7.35, indicating an acidic level.

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Buffers

Molecules that reduce or increase the pH in the body to maintain normal pH levels.

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Hydrophobic molecules

Molecules that do not dissolve in water (water fearing).

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Hydrophilic molecules

Molecules that dissolve in water (water loving).

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Proteins

Long chains of polypeptide chains that have a specific function.

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Amino acids

Individual units that compose polypeptide chains.

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Peptide bond

Type of covalent bond that bonds amino acids together.

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Nucleic acid

Type of biological molecule that includes DNA and RNA.

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Transcription

The process where mRNA is made from DNA.

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Translation

Process where mRNA is read to make amino acid chains.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers of the body, directly released into the bloodstream.

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Endocytosis

Bulk transportation of substances into the cell.

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Exocytosis

Bulk transportation of substances out of the cell.

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Isotonic solution

Solution with equal amounts of solute compared to the cell.

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Hypertonic solution

Solution with a larger concentration of solute compared to the cell.

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Hypotonic solution

Solution with a smaller concentration of solute compared to the cell.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across the cell membrane.

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Metabolism

Chemical reactions in a cell that includes storage or use of energy.

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Neurons

The basic functional unit of the nervous system.

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Glial Cells

Cells that provide support and protection for neurons.

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Astrocytes

Star-shaped glial cells that nourish and support neurons.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers used to transmit signals in the nervous system.

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Fluid that provides nutrients, removes waste, and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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Meninges

Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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Dura Mater

The tough fibrous outer layer of the meninges.

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Pia Mater

The delicate inner layer of the meninges.

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Central canal

The hollow center of an osteon containing nutrients, nerves, and blood vessels.

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Osteoblasts

Bone cells responsible for building the bone matrix.

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Osteoclasts

Bone cells responsible for breaking down bone and releasing calcium.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of the skin.

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Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that contains blood vessels and nerves.

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Melanocytes

Skin cells responsible for producing melanin, which contributes to skin color.

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Sebum

The secretion produced by sebaceous glands that lubricates the skin.

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Arrector pili

Muscle responsible for causing goosebumps.

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Afferent neurons

Neurons that send sensory information to the brain.

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Efferent neurons

Neurons that send motor commands from the brain to the body.

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Synovial fluid

Fluid that lubricates and nourishes joints.

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Haversian canal

Another word for the central canal in an osteon.

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Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells responsible for maintaining cartilage.

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Fibroblasts

Cells responsible for creating collagen within connective tissues.

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Homeostasis

The state of balance in biological systems.

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Gigantism

A condition caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone.

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Dwarfism

A condition caused by the hyposecretion of growth hormone.

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Acromegaly

Continued bone growth after the epiphyseal plates have ossified.

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Intercellular junctions

Connections between cells allowing for communication and transport.

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Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of developing into different cell types.

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Metabolic pathway

A series of steps that lead to a product using enzyme reactions.

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Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue that appears in layers.

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Collagen

A protein that provides structure in connective tissues.

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Keratocytes

Cells in the epidermis responsible for producing keratin.

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Hypodermis

Layer of connective tissue below the dermis, primarily composed of fat.

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Fovea centralis

The area on the retina where light rays converge.

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Optic disk

Lacks rods and cones; specific place where the neurons meet and exit the eye.

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Retina

Layer of the eye where photoreceptors are located.

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Sclera

The hard covering outer layer of the eye.

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Choroid

Layer of the eye where the blood supply is located.

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Tympanic membrane

The structure which sound waves enter the ear.

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Eustachian tube

Ear air pressure is equalized with this structure.

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Cochlea

The specific structure of the ear that sends neuron impulses to the nerve that exits the ear.

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Semicircular canals

The structure that is responsible for sending messages to the brain regarding equilibrium.

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Malleus, incus, stapes

The three ossicles in the ear.

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Autonomic

The part of the nervous system concerned with involuntary muscles.

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Somatic

The part of the nervous system concerned with voluntary muscle.

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Sympathetic

The part of the nervous system concerned with fight or flight responses.

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Parasympathetic

The part of the nervous system concerned with rest and relax actions.

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Afferent

Nerve fibers involved with sensory input.

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Efferent

Nerve fibers involved with somatic reflex arcs.

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Visceral

Nerve fibers involved with internal organ functioning.

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Sarcomere

The contractile unit of a muscle fiber.

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Ingestion

The taking in of food.

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Defecation

The elimination of solid waste by way of the anus.

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Digestion

The breaking down of food into smaller molecules.

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Absorption

The process in which microvilli are important.

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Mechanical digestion

The crushing of food by teeth or peristalsis in order to break down food into smaller pieces.

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Gallbladder

The accessory organ that stores bile.

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Pancreas

The accessory organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

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Liver

The accessory organ that plays a role in detoxification of substances.

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Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine.

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Microvilli

Microscopic projections through which absorption of nutrients takes place.

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Rugae

Structures responsible for allowing the stomach to expand in size.

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Trypsin

The chemical responsible for the breakdown of proteins.

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Amylase

The chemical responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates.

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Lipase

The chemicals responsible for the breakdown of fats.

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Cardiac muscle

The type of muscle that makes up the heart.

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Connective

Blood is classified as this type of tissue.

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Platelets

Cell fragments responsible for blood clotting.

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Hematopoiesis

The creation of formed elements for the blood.

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Antigens

Identity markers on cell membranes.

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Antibodies

Proteins created to bind to antigens.

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Erythropoietin

The hormone released when decreased levels of oxygen are sensed.

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Oxyhemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that can bind to oxygen.

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Epiglottis

The structure that prevents food from entering the trachea.

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Nasal cavities

Structures that filter the air you breathe and house the receptors for smell.

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Diaphragm

The primary muscle responsible for breathing.

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Expiration

The phase of mechanical respiration when air is pushed out of the lungs.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

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Vestibulocochlear nerve

The afferent cranial nerve responsible for sending neural information about sound to the brain.

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Cornea

The clear membrane covering the opening of the eye.

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Vitreous humor

The jelly-like substance in the posterior chamber of the eye.