Alkalosis
Condition where tissue pH is greater than 7.4, indicating a basic level.
Acidosis
Condition where tissue pH is less than 7.35, indicating an acidic level.
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Alkalosis
Condition where tissue pH is greater than 7.4, indicating a basic level.
Acidosis
Condition where tissue pH is less than 7.35, indicating an acidic level.
Buffers
Molecules that reduce or increase the pH in the body to maintain normal pH levels.
Hydrophobic molecules
Molecules that do not dissolve in water (water fearing).
Hydrophilic molecules
Molecules that dissolve in water (water loving).
Proteins
Long chains of polypeptide chains that have a specific function.
Amino acids
Individual units that compose polypeptide chains.
Peptide bond
Type of covalent bond that bonds amino acids together.
Nucleic acid
Type of biological molecule that includes DNA and RNA.
Transcription
The process where mRNA is made from DNA.
Translation
Process where mRNA is read to make amino acid chains.
Hormones
Chemical messengers of the body, directly released into the bloodstream.
Endocytosis
Bulk transportation of substances into the cell.
Exocytosis
Bulk transportation of substances out of the cell.
Isotonic solution
Solution with equal amounts of solute compared to the cell.
Hypertonic solution
Solution with a larger concentration of solute compared to the cell.
Hypotonic solution
Solution with a smaller concentration of solute compared to the cell.
Osmosis
The movement of water across the cell membrane.
Metabolism
Chemical reactions in a cell that includes storage or use of energy.
Neurons
The basic functional unit of the nervous system.
Glial Cells
Cells that provide support and protection for neurons.
Astrocytes
Star-shaped glial cells that nourish and support neurons.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers used to transmit signals in the nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid that provides nutrients, removes waste, and protects the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura Mater
The tough fibrous outer layer of the meninges.
Pia Mater
The delicate inner layer of the meninges.
Central canal
The hollow center of an osteon containing nutrients, nerves, and blood vessels.
Osteoblasts
Bone cells responsible for building the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts
Bone cells responsible for breaking down bone and releasing calcium.
Epidermis
The outermost layer of the skin.
Dermis
The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Melanocytes
Skin cells responsible for producing melanin, which contributes to skin color.
Sebum
The secretion produced by sebaceous glands that lubricates the skin.
Arrector pili
Muscle responsible for causing goosebumps.
Afferent neurons
Neurons that send sensory information to the brain.
Efferent neurons
Neurons that send motor commands from the brain to the body.
Synovial fluid
Fluid that lubricates and nourishes joints.
Haversian canal
Another word for the central canal in an osteon.
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells responsible for maintaining cartilage.
Fibroblasts
Cells responsible for creating collagen within connective tissues.
Homeostasis
The state of balance in biological systems.
Gigantism
A condition caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone.
Dwarfism
A condition caused by the hyposecretion of growth hormone.
Acromegaly
Continued bone growth after the epiphyseal plates have ossified.
Intercellular junctions
Connections between cells allowing for communication and transport.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of developing into different cell types.
Metabolic pathway
A series of steps that lead to a product using enzyme reactions.
Stratified epithelium
Epithelial tissue that appears in layers.
Collagen
A protein that provides structure in connective tissues.
Keratocytes
Cells in the epidermis responsible for producing keratin.
Hypodermis
Layer of connective tissue below the dermis, primarily composed of fat.
Fovea centralis
The area on the retina where light rays converge.
Optic disk
Lacks rods and cones; specific place where the neurons meet and exit the eye.
Retina
Layer of the eye where photoreceptors are located.
Sclera
The hard covering outer layer of the eye.
Choroid
Layer of the eye where the blood supply is located.
Tympanic membrane
The structure which sound waves enter the ear.
Eustachian tube
Ear air pressure is equalized with this structure.
Cochlea
The specific structure of the ear that sends neuron impulses to the nerve that exits the ear.
Semicircular canals
The structure that is responsible for sending messages to the brain regarding equilibrium.
Malleus, incus, stapes
The three ossicles in the ear.
Autonomic
The part of the nervous system concerned with involuntary muscles.
Somatic
The part of the nervous system concerned with voluntary muscle.
Sympathetic
The part of the nervous system concerned with fight or flight responses.
Parasympathetic
The part of the nervous system concerned with rest and relax actions.
Afferent
Nerve fibers involved with sensory input.
Efferent
Nerve fibers involved with somatic reflex arcs.
Visceral
Nerve fibers involved with internal organ functioning.
Sarcomere
The contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
Ingestion
The taking in of food.
Defecation
The elimination of solid waste by way of the anus.
Digestion
The breaking down of food into smaller molecules.
Absorption
The process in which microvilli are important.
Mechanical digestion
The crushing of food by teeth or peristalsis in order to break down food into smaller pieces.
Gallbladder
The accessory organ that stores bile.
Pancreas
The accessory organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Liver
The accessory organ that plays a role in detoxification of substances.
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine.
Microvilli
Microscopic projections through which absorption of nutrients takes place.
Rugae
Structures responsible for allowing the stomach to expand in size.
Trypsin
The chemical responsible for the breakdown of proteins.
Amylase
The chemical responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Lipase
The chemicals responsible for the breakdown of fats.
Cardiac muscle
The type of muscle that makes up the heart.
Connective
Blood is classified as this type of tissue.
Platelets
Cell fragments responsible for blood clotting.
Hematopoiesis
The creation of formed elements for the blood.
Antigens
Identity markers on cell membranes.
Antibodies
Proteins created to bind to antigens.
Erythropoietin
The hormone released when decreased levels of oxygen are sensed.
Oxyhemoglobin
The form of hemoglobin that can bind to oxygen.
Epiglottis
The structure that prevents food from entering the trachea.
Nasal cavities
Structures that filter the air you breathe and house the receptors for smell.
Diaphragm
The primary muscle responsible for breathing.
Expiration
The phase of mechanical respiration when air is pushed out of the lungs.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
Vestibulocochlear nerve
The afferent cranial nerve responsible for sending neural information about sound to the brain.
Cornea
The clear membrane covering the opening of the eye.
Vitreous humor
The jelly-like substance in the posterior chamber of the eye.