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Anatomical position
Standing
Face forward
Arms to side
Palms facing forward
Fingers fully extended
Thumbs separated from other fingers (away)
Feet separated
Toes point forward
Superior/cranial/cephalic
Towards head (ex. chest is superior to navel)
Inferior/caudal
Away from head (ex. navel is inferior to chest)
Posterior/dorsal
From the front to the back of the body (heart is posterior to the pectoral muscles)
Anterior/ventral
From the back of the body to the front (remember: “Abs are Anterior”, “ventral” means belly)
Proximal
Closest relative to the object being referred to (this primarily refers to limbs. ex. the forearm is proximal to the hand)
Distal
Farthest relative to the object being referred to (think DIStal, DIStant; also primarily limbs)
Superficial/external
Nearest to surface (ex. papercut was superficial to skin)
Deep/internal
Farthest from surface (ex. the bullet wound was deep to the skin)
Medial
Towards midline of body (think the sagittal plane!)
Lateral
Farther from the midline (think lateral raises)
Intermediate
Between 2 structures; the knee would be intermediate between the hip and ankle)
Sagittal plane
Splits body vertically in half
Parasagittal plane/longitudinal
When the body is split vertically into 2 unequal left and right sections
Midsaggital plane
When the body is split vertically into 2 equal left and right sections
Frontal/coronal plane
Divides into anterior and posterior sections (“coronal” is Latin for “crown”)
Transverse plane
Divides horizontally into superior and inferior sections (cross section of the human body)
RUQ
Right Upper Quadrant; to the left and up relative to the belly button
LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant; to the right and up relative to the belly button
RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant; to the left and down relative to the belly button
LLQ
Left Lower Quadrant; to the right and down relative to the belly button
What is the origin of the quadrants?
The belly button serves as the central reference point for dividing the abdomen into four quadrants.
Right Hypochondriac region
Cartilage below the ribs; top left of the 9 regions
Epigastric region
Above the stomach; upper middle of the 9 regions (epi - above/upon, gastric - stomach)
Left Hypochondriac region
Cartilage below the ribs; top right of the 9 regions
Right Lumbar region
Left relative to the belly button; middle row to the left of the 9 regions
Umbilical region
Where the belly button is; center of the 9 regions
Left Lumbar region
Right relative to the belly button; middle row to the right of the 9 regions
Right Iliac region
Stationed around the Iliac bone; bottom left of the 9 regions
Hypogastric region
Bottom middle of the 9 regions; hypo - below
Left Iliac region
Stationed around the Iliac bone; bottom right of the 9 regions
Can you combine terms to give you a new view (if yes, give an example)
Yes; posterosuperior refers to something that’s behind and above something else
Supine
Lying down face up
Prone
Lying down face down
Body plane
When a body is divided into sections that describe different orientations
Bilateral
Extends outwards on both sides
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body