Anatomy exam

residual volume

amount of air in lungs after max exhalation

perforin

makes holes in plasma membrane

primary lymphoid tissues and organs

where lymphocytes are formed and mature

secondary lymphoid tissues and organs

where lymphocytes are activated

respiratory gases

what is not transported by lymphatic system

hormones, nutrients, wastes

what is transported by lymphatic system

adema

swelling of tissue due to fluid build up

one way to the heart

lymphatic vessels carry lymph from tissues to veins in a…

filtration

which is greater filtration (from blood capillaries) or reabsorption (into lymphatic capillaries)

thoracic duct

carries lymph from tissues inferior to diaphragm and left side of upper body

right lymphatic duct

carries lymph from tissues right side of upper body and arm

left subclavian vein

thoracic duct empties into

right subclavian vein

right lymphatic duct empties into

B cells, T cells, NK cells

types of lymphocytes

lymphoid nodules

areolar tissue densely packed with lymphocytes

lymphoid tissues

connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes

germinal centers

within nodules, contain dividing lymphocytes, where T and B cells become activated, where pathogens usually are

afferent lymphatics

bring lymph to lymph node from peripheral

efferent lymphatics

carry lymph away from the lymph node and toward the venous circulation

hilum

where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node

subcapsular space

where lymph first enters the lymph node, network of reticular fibers, macrophages, and dendritic cells

afferent lymphatic, subcapsular space, cortex, paracortex, medulla, efferent lymphatics

flow of lymph through lymph node

cortex

part of lymph node with B cells

paracortex

part of lymph node with T cells

medulla

part of lymph node with B cells and macrophages

lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

lymphoid organs

fibrous connective tissue capsule

what separates lymphoid organs from surrounding tissues

purify lymph (removes most antigens before going to veins), release antigens

function of lymph node

monitor infections, respond to infections before they reach vital organs

function of lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes

mediastinum

where is the thymus located

biggest at 2 years old and shrinks (atrophies) at puberty

when is thymus biggest and what happens to it over time

two, the septa

how many lobes is the thymus divided into and what separates them

thymosin

promotes development and maturation of T cells

false

true or false there are germinal centers in the thymus

removal of abnormal blood cells and components via phagocytosis, store iron from recycles rbc’s, initiate B and T cells

functions of the spleen

lymphocytes

what is white pulp dominated by

RBC’s and macrophages

what is red pulp dominated by

resistance

ability of body to maintain immunity

innate immunity

quick response, nonspecific, attack any type of invading agent

innate immune cells

macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, complement proteins, NK cells

adaptive immunity

specific defense, depends on activities of lymphocytes, develops after previous exposure

adaptive immune cells

B cells T cells (CD4 and CD8)

absence of MHC Class 1

NK cells recognize

recognize and adhere to abnormal cell, align Golgi, secrete perforin, lysis

NK cells targeting process

alpha

type of interferon that is produced by cells infected with viruses enhances resistance to viral infection

beta

type interferon that is secreted by fibroblasts and slows inflammation

gamma

type of interferon secreted by T cells and NK cells stimulates macrophages

complement

system of circulating proteins that utilize opsin to mark pathogens for destruction

lymphocytopoeisis

lymphocyte formation

antigenic determinant

triggers adaptive immunity by specific defenses

tolerance

property that tells us not to harm our own antigens

MHC class 1

viral/bacterial pathogen in cell go to ER and exported through Golgi abnormal peptide displayed on cell surface by…

cytokines

stimulates apoptosis

lymphotoxin

disrupts cell metabolism

cytokines

active helper T cells secrete

stimulate T cell division (memory and cytotoxic T cells), attract/stimulate macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, promote B cell activation

cytokine functions

CD8 T cells

regulatory T cells come from…

sensitization

what happens to a B cell when it is exposed to an antigen

helper T cell

what activates a B cell

cytokines

stimulates B cell activation

memory B cells

inactive B cells

antibodies

what do activated B cells make

IgG

most abundant immunoglobulin with most diverse function, can cross placenta (monomer) second responder

IgE

immunoglobulin that attaches to basophils and mast cells stimulates inflammation and allergic response (monomer)

IgD

immunoglobulin on surface on B cells only one not circulating (monomer)

IgM

Immunoglobulin pentamer first antibody secreted responsible for agglutination too big to cross placenta

IgA

Immunoglobulin dimer in glandular secretions (tears, saliva, semen) body surface defense

IgG

immunoglobulin with faster and longer secondary response

immunocompetence

ability to produce immune response after antigen exposure

allergies

overhyper immune response to antigen

auto-immune disease

immune system attacks own antigens

immunodeficiency

some part of immune system fails

stress response

adrenal glands release glucocorticoids produce anti-inflammatory response and dampens the immune response

conducting zone

zone where passageway air is only moving through

respiratory zone

zone of gas exchange

respiratory mucosa

lines conducting portion of respiratory system

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and areolar tissue (lamina propria)

respiratory mucosa consists of

stratified squamous

upper respiratory system epithelium

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

pharynx divisions in order

choanae

internal nare

nostrils

external nare

larynx

voice box

thyroid

largest lower respiratory cartilage

epiglottis

elastic cartilage of larynx routes food and air

thyroid, cricoid, 2 arytenoid, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiform, epiglottis

larynx cartilages

glottis

vibrated vocal folds and produces sound waves

arytenoid cartilages

voluntary muscles that control tension of vocal folds and alter pitch

phonation

sound production of larynx

articulation

sound modification of lips, tongue, and teeth

trachea

windpipe

submucosa

thick layer of connective tissue in trachea

3

how many lobes in right lung

2

how many lobes in left lung

bronchodilation

sympathetic division controlled epinephrine stimulated bronchi function

bronchoconstriction

parasympathetic division controlled histamine stimulated bronchi function

pneumocyte type II cells

makes surfactant

surfactant

breaks surface tension of fluid in alveoli

visceral, pleural fluid, parietal pleura

pleura of lung from proximal to distal

pneumothorax

collapsed lung

hilum

groove in lung that allows for passage of main vessels and nerves