Psych Final: 17-22+25

perceptual set

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

extrasensory perception

controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input, telepathy

parapsychology

study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis

wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light

intensity

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave

cornea

the eye’s clear, protective outer layer

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that is the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones

accomadation

the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray necessary for night vision

cones

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and work in daylight, detects fine detail

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

blind spot

where the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are there

fovea

the central focal point in the retina, where cones cluster

young helmholtz trichromatic theory

the theory that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors and can produce the perception of any color

opponent process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes(black vs white) enable color vision

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus like shape, angle, or movement

gestalt

an organized whole

figure ground

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

depth perception

the ability to see objects in 3 dimensions and judge distance

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

binocular cue

a depth cue like retinal disparity that depends on 2 eyes

retinal disparity

a binocular cue or perceiving depth

monocular cue

a depth cue available to either eye alone

phi phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when 2 or more light blink on and off in quick sucession

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illuminations and retinal images change

color constancy

perceiving objects as having consistent color even if the wavelengths change

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input even on an inverted visual field

audition

the sense or act of hearing

frequency

the number of wavelengths that pass a point in given time

pitch

a tone’s highness or lowness

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea with 3 tiny bones

cochlea

a coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerves

conduction hearning loss

a less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves

cochlear impant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve

place theory

the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place

frequency theory

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses matches the frequency of a tone

gat control theory

theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass

olfaction, gustation, kinesthesia, vestibular, hearing, vision, touch

7 senses

kinesthesia

our movement sense, senses our body position

vestibular

sense of body movement and balance

sensory interaction

one sense can influence another

embodied cognition

influence of bodily sensation, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences

hypnosis

when 1 person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion made during a hypnotic session to be carried out when the subject isn’t hypnotized

dissociation

a split in consciousness when thoughts and behaviors can occur simulanteously

psychoactive drugs

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

substance use disorder

a disorder characterized by characterized by continued substance craving

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions

alcohol use disorder

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity

opiates

opium and derivatives that depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions

nicotine

stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity causing accelerated body functions

methamphetamine

powerfully addictive drug that stimulate the central nervous system and over tie appears to reduced baseline dopamine levels

ecstacy

synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinagen

hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images

near death experience

an altered state of consciousness after a close brush with death

LSD

powerful hallcinagenic drug known as acid

THC

a major active ingredient in marijuana