bio-worksheet

chlorophyta

ancestir to all green land plants

sclerenchyma cells

tissue that makes xylem

xylem cells

tissue that moves water in plants

phloem

tissue that moves sugar in plants

meristem

area of rapid cell growth

fern

vascular plant without seeds

cyanobacteria

ancestor to chloroplasts

meristematic cells

undifferentiated plant cells

bryophyta

nonvascular plant with cuticle

dicot

two leaves at germination

gymnosperm

evolved pollen first

thylacoid condition

unattached disks

monocot

parallel leaf veins

coniferophyta

vascular plants with seeds

cambium

layer where xylem and phloem are created

cortex

where parenchyma is used for food storage

collenchyme cells

support of vascular tissue

pallisade mesophyll

where photosynthesis occurs

stomata

pores in leaves

trichomes

used in defense of herbivores

root cap

produces mucigel

fibrous

• dense

• shallow soils

tap

• deeper in soil

• few, long roots

axial

• central trunk

• pyramidal shape

• shedding snows and wind

dendritic

• repeated branching off of trunk and stems

• more access to sunlight

primary growth

• lengthening of trunk/stems

• pushing further from center of plant

• apical meristem

secondary growth

• widening of stems/trunk/branches

• lateral meristem

casparian strip

• surrounds endoderm

• located in the endodermis

positive pressure pump

• water comes out of soil and into roots

negative pressure pump

• occurs at the leaf level

• water will move out of the leaf

phloem loading

• load sugars into the phloem

• happens in the leaves

• sugar goes up the concentration gradient

phloem unloading

• moving sugars out of the phloem

• starch storage

• happens in the roots

Acoelomate

no body cavity exists

pseudocoelomate

• body cavity without mesodermal lining of organs

• allows better diffusion

• nematodes

eucoelomate

• body cavity and internal organs covered with membrane derived from mesoderm

• best protection from rubbing and foreign antigens entering coelom from a wound

protostomes

blastopore resulting in a mouth

deuterostomes

• blastopore resulting in an anus

porifera

• sponges

• asymmetric

• no germ layers

cnidaria

• coral, anemones, jelleyfish

• radial symmetry

• diploblastic

platyhelminthes

• triploblastic

• bilateral

• protostome

• growth by increments

• flatworms

annelida

• triploblastic

• bilateral

• protostome

• growth by increments

• segmented worms

mollusca

• triploblastic

• bilateral

• protostome

• growth by increments

• snails, clams, squid

nematoda

• triploblastic

• bilateral

• protostome

• growth via shedding

• nematodes or roundworms

arthropoda

• insects, crustaceans

• triploblastic

• bilateral

• protostome

• growth by shedding

echinodermata

• deuterostome

• starfish, sea urchins

chordata

• deuterostomes