history final

T/F The Yellow River is another name for the Chang River.

F

T/F Shang civilization was highly centralized with power held by the king

F

T/F Under Zhou rule, China experienced economic and population growth

T

T/F Some dynasties adopted Confucianism as the official religion

F

T/F China's written language helped unify Chinese people

T

Explain how the geography of China impacted its development.

- West and southwest \= deserts and mountains, limit movement of people.
- Thick rainforest in southeast divided China from southeast Asia
- Gobi desert in north and Pacific to east.
- Even with these barriers, China had contact with outside world, trading with neighbors and eventually Middle East, Africa and Europe.
- Mostly interact with nomadic invaders who conquer occasionally, but are most often absorbed into Chinese society.
- River valleys provide fertile land and water for irrigation and transportation.
- River of Sorrow shows impact of geography on life.

Explain the Mandate of Heaven and how it was used to explain dynastic changes.

- Divine right to rule.
- As long as dynasty ruled well, it enjoyed mandate of heaven. - When started to rule poorly, the heavens would withdraw support and allow dynasty to be conquered.
- Often natural disasters seen as sign of loss of favor, allowing ambitious leader to take control.
- His strong government showed he had mandate of heaven.

filial piety

respecting your parents above everyone and everything, including the government

Confucius taught that the five relationships created harmony. Explain how the relationships created harmony.

- Harmony came when people accepted place in society. Each person must accept role in key relationships (ruler-subject, parent-child, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, friend-friend).
- All are unequal except friends.
- All people have duties depending on position, fulfilling these duties ensured harmony

Explain the main ideas of Daoism both before and after it become a religion

Philosophy - Sought to live in harmony with nature. Focus on Dao "The Way" of the universe. Highlighted conflict between human desires and simple way of nature. Rejected conflict and embraced yielding.

Religion - adapted to contain gods, goddesses and magical practices. Did not accept nature as it was so priests looked for everlasting life

Dynastic cycle

rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven

Confucius

(551 BC- 479 BC) is China's most famous philosopher. His teachings about the importance of education and public service influenced many eastern Asian civilizations. His ancestors, members of the aristocracy, were poor by the time of Confucius's birth. By the age of 15, Confucius was dedicated to the life of a scholar. Although his ideas about the proper way to live guided millions of people, Confucius's own life was simple and reflected a deep humility.

Philosophy

system of ideas

Laozi

Laozi means "Master Lao" or "Old Master" in the Chinese language. An old man when Confucius was a young scholar, Laozi was born in a small village in ancient China. He was appointed a historian in one of the Zhou dynasty courts. Laozi developed a philosophy of inner calm, purity of mind, and living in harmony with nature that is called Dao, or the way of the universe. His book, The Way of Life, had enormous influence on Chinese life.

geography of China

* West and southwest: Tian Shan & Himalayas= high mountain ranges which block easy movement of people
* Southeast: thick rainforests divided it from Southeast Asia
* North: Gobi desert
* East: Pacific Ocean
* Rivers= water for irrigation and transportation
* The small farming villages gave rice to ancient Chinese civilization(yellow river civilization)

Shang Dynasty

1766BC: first dynasty and dominates part of Yellow River Valley, until about 1122 BC

Shang Government

- Large palaces and rich tombs have been discovered, Anyang (capital) was a walled city
- controlled North China plain, fought nomads at steppes and deserts
- Kings here controlled small area while Princes + nobles (heads of important clans) governed most of it
- resembles small kingdom Vedic India without a centralized government ruled by a pharaoh
- Furnished tombs of kings\= top of hierarchy. Found that Fu Hao (wife of king Wu Ding) owned land + helped lead against invaders
- Noblewomen may've had a good status during Shang period

Shang Social Structure

- Royal family ruled with noble warriors who owned land
- Warriors used leather armor, bronze weapons, and horse-drawn chariots(come through contact w/ western Asia)
- Large timer/stone houses housed noble families
- Supported class of artisans(produced goods for nobles-weapons, silk robes, jewelry) and merchants(trade-salt, shells, etc.)
- Most people were peasants- thatch-roofed pit houses, used stone tools working in fields, and repaired the dikes, also were required to fight with their lords

Zhou Dynasty

- 1122 BC- Zhou marched out of their kingdom to overthrow the Shang. Held power until 256 BC
- 256 BC- China\= large, wealthy, highly developed
- Zhou rulers\= weak, can't control feudal lords (were battling each other in wars)
- A ruler toppled the Zhou and sets out to impose political unity on China which starts the Qin dynasty

Zhou government

- Zhou: Supporters rewarded by getting control over regions; how China became a feudal state
- Zhou kings rule China for 850 years and, first 2 centuries didn't get great power and prestige but in 771 BC, feudal lords exercised real power and profited from the lands worked by peasants

Zhou economics

- Economy of China grows during this time
- 600 BC- iron working is introduced, axes and plows replaced stone, wood, and bronze tools so farmers produced more food + peasants began growing soybeans
- Irrigation works were also organized by some feudal lords
- Commerce expanded, money was used(copper coins w/ holes to be strung on cords) making trade easier
- New roads and canals created by feudal lords (helps merchants)
- Economic expansion -\> population increase
- Huang river heartland inhabitants move to central China and farm Chang River Basin (huge)
- Nobles expanded territories and encourage peasants to settle in conquered territories

Confucianism and Confucius

- His ideas influenced Chinese life after he died
- Wasn't a religion, but rulers based governments off Confucian ideas- gov. Officials had to be educated in Confucian
- Emphasis on filial piety bolstered traditions- reverence for ancestors and importance of family
- Confucianism reinforced social hierarchy inferior and superior and mutual duties
- Balance between yin (Earth, darkness, female) and yang (Heaven, light, male), not in opposition, need harmony
- King makes sacrifices to heaven and the steps to rule
- relationships\= Ruler to subject, parent to child, husband to wife, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend (none are equal besides friend)
- Superiors care for inferiors, inferiors are loyal to superiors
- Other values\= honesty, hard work, concern for others, "Don't do to others what you do not with yourself."

Daoism

- Not concerned with human affairs, instead seek to live in harmony with nature(trees, mountains, rivers, etc.)
- Laozi/"Old Master" founded it, left no traces, wrote The Way of Virtue (influenced Chinese life)
- Laozi looked at focusing of the Dao(way) of the universe and how to find it
- Dao\= hard to understand and put into words- "Those who know the Dao do not speak of it, those who speak of it don't know it."
- Daoists give puzzling answers showing conflict with human desires and ways of nature
- Rejected conflict and strife, emphasized yielding(water doesn't resist but yields, it's unstoppable. In conflict they give way, but return to their natural course
- Many turned from ways of society- became hermits, artists, poets, view government as unnatural and causes problems
To them, the best government is the one that governs the least
- Daoism- changed to religion w/ Gods, Goddesses, practices
- People go to Daoist priests for charms to protect against unseen forces
- In search of something to bring immortality- used alchemy to try to turn metal to gold
- Alchemists- mix chemistry and magic, led to advances in science, contributed to discovery of medicine
- Daoist's invented gunpowder to frighted ghosts

Chinese Achievements

- Astronomers saw Halley's Comet, movement of planets, eclipses of the sun, developed calendar with 365 ¼ days, art and technology of bronze-making (weapons, ritual vessels)
- Silk\= China's most valuable export, kept it a secret for hundreds of years (made it)
- used oracle bones for future preditctions of yes/no questions
- Used pictographs and ideographs that expressed thoughts/ideas
- Chinese made first books under Zhou

charlemagne

- (747-814) or Charles the Great, king of the Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans, began as a warrior king seeking to conquer territory and distribute plunder in the Frankish tradition.
- strove to unite and govern an increasingly diverse collection of conquered peoples as well as cope with threats from new invaders.
- conducted a long series of successful military campaigns, made efforts to spread Christianity and implement religious reform, sought to make more effective inherited political institutions and procedures, and supported cultural renewal through a revival of learning. crowned by pope.
- In 799, Pope Leo III asked Charlemagne for help against rebellious nobles in Rome.
- Charlemagne aided the pope against his attackers.
-On Christmas Day in the year 800, the pope showed his gratitude by placing a crown on Charlemagne's head and proclaiming him Emperor of the Romans.

What role did Jewish people fill for popes and kings?
They served as advisors and physicians.
They made important handicrafts for export.
They owned land and provided military service.
They spread Judaism among the nobility.

They served as advisors and physicians

Which of the following is a characteristic of the medieval Eastern Orthodox Church?
the belief in papal supremacy
the rejection of secular authority
the use of icons in Church teachings and worship
the use of Latin throughout the Church

The rejection of secular authority

How did monks and nuns contribute to learning and intellectual life?
They copied and preserved ancient works.
They preserved the Latin language.
They studied science and mathematics.
They imported books from East Asia

They copied and preserved ancient works

Which of the following was one of the ways Christianity spread across Europe?
Secular rulers excommunicated those who would not convert to Christianity.
Parish priests established schools to attract new converts.
The pope ordered interdicts, which established new monasteries.
Traveling friars lived and preached among the common people.

Traveling friars lived and preached among the common people.

Which statement best describes the role of the popes in the Middle Ages?
They always opposed reform of the Church or its policies.
They were spiritual leaders who also exercised secular power.
They were opposed to mixing spiritual and secular duties.
They were secular leaders who also claimed spiritual power.

They were spiritual leaders who also exercised secular power.

How did Pope Innocent III challenge the power of Europe's monarchs?
He allied himself with the Albigensians against Phillip II.
He opposed efforts to reform the Church's courts.
He stated that the pope was second only to God.
He authorized the Concordat of Worms.

He stated that the pope was second only to God.

What compromise resulted from the Concordat of Worms?
Pope Gregory VII was given the power to raise armies and collect taxes.
It banned the practice of lay investiture.
The Church was granted the power to elect and invest bishops, but the emperor could invest them with fiefs.
Henry IV claimed supremacy over secular rulers, and the Church was now able to grant land to vassals.

The Church was granted the power to elect and invest bishops, but the emperor could invest them with fiefs.

The Magna Carta was important because it established
a Parliament of lords and common men.
the supremacy of the monarchy over the Church.
the limitation of the rights of nobles and freemen.
the principle that the monarch must obey the law.

the principle that the monarch must obey the law.

How was the Church an obstacle to monarchs who wanted more power?
It sent armies against the monarchs of Europe.
It incited nobles to revolt against monarchs.
It challenged monarchs' attempts to control the clergy.
It promoted the development of individual rights.

It challenged monarchs' attempts to control the clergy.

How did King Philip August change France?
He fought with the pope and gained control of the Church in France.
He took control of English lands in Normandy and Anjou.
He conquered England, taking power from its Anglo-Saxon rulers.
He lost control of France to rebellious noblemen.

He took control of English lands in Normandy and Anjou.

What happened in France as a result of the Hundred Years' War?
Wealthy French merchants had more of a say in government.
The French kings moved to strengthen the monarchy.
Noblemen strengthened their control over their traditional family lands.
The Church extended its influence over France.

The French kings moved to strengthen the monarchy.

How did the Hundred Years' War affect the feudal system?
New technology and changing military needs made feudal lords obsolete.
Feudal lords became more important in winning battles and holding conquered territory for the king.
The introduction of the longbow and cannon made the feudal system more efficient.
Feudal lords became commanders of mercenary armies paid by the king to fight.

New technology and changing military needs made feudal lords obsolete.

What did John Wycliffe do that the Church saw as a threat?
He said that the Church had failed to address the Black Death.
He translated the Bible into English.
He argued that key Church teachings were false.
He supported the Avignon pope.

He translated the Bible into English.

Which of the following is one of the far-reaching consequences of the Black Death in Europe?
the decline of European towns
extensive unemployment
the slow breakdown of feudalism
the rise in the power of nobles

the slow breakdown of feudalism

What became a significant threat to Church power as a result of the election of two rival popes in Rome and Avignon?
Church teachings changed in ways that made the Church less popular.
Reformers began to challenge the traditional role of the Church.
The Bible was translated into English.
Rival political factions began to exert more influence over Church activities.

Reformers began to challenge the traditional role of the Church.

T/F Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the Church did little to reform.

False

T/F Luther had no issues with the Church beyond indulgences.

False

T/F The Church's reaction to the 95 Theses caused Luther to become more radical.

True

T/F The Peace of Augsburg allowed the princes of the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism as the religion of their territory.

True

T/F John Calvin taught that people could earn salvation.

False

How did reformers try to change the Church before Martin Luther?

John Wycliff attacked corruption and questioned some doctrine. Wanted to translate Bible into English. Ideas spread after his death.
John Huss Christians should be able to read Bible in own language, rejected some teachings including indulgences. His ideas live on after he is burned at stake for heresy.

Why did people support Luther's ideas?

Clergy saw Luther as reformer to corruption of Church. German princes saw Luther as a way to throw off Church and HRE rule, some saw it as an opportunity to take Church land, some had feeling of national loyalty (tired of German money support churches and clergy in Italy. Peasants hope for social and economic change, demand end to serfdom and other changes to ease lives.

John Calvin

* French theologian and lawyer.
* involved with the Protestant movement while a student at the University of Paris.
* moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion.
* Calvin's interpretation of Christian doctrine is called Calvinism.
* Calvinism took root in Germany, France, Netherlands, England, and Scotland

Calvin's teachings

Taught that God was all-powerful and humans were nature sinful
God alone decided whether or not someone achieved eternal life (predestination); God already knows and planned it a long time ago
there are saints and sinners; They try to be saints because they believed that only those who were saved could live truly Christian lives.

Johann Tetzel

German priest who got approval of the pope and sold indulgences (claimed they assured entry to heaven for the buyers and their dead relatives) to Christians who gave money going towards rebuilding St. Peter Cathedral in Rome. This made Martin Luter very mad.

Printing Press

printing presses made copies of Martin Luther's writings, prompted him to declare that "printing was God's highest act of grace"
1530: Lutherans started calling themselves Protestant (protested papal authority)

Martin Luther

- German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protest Reformation.
- Trained to become a lawyer, he changed his path, joined a strict order of Roman Catholic monks, and studied theology.
- challenged Church teachings with his 95 Theses which led to his excommunication and the development of Lutheranism, the first of several Protestant sects.
- Translated the bible to German vernacular so everyday people could study it

Luther's 3 main beliefs

1. salvation can be achieved through just faith (good deeds aren't needed for salvation)
2. The Bible is the sole source of religious truth; denied traditional authorities (councils and pope) Rejected idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers; "priesthood of all believers" (everyone has equal access to God through faith and the Bible)
3. Every town should have a school for children to read and learn the bible

What did Luther think about the Peasants revolting?

Luther (with help of nobles) denounced the Peasants' Revolt when it grew violent because Luther favored social order and respect for political authority; ending this revolt killed 100,000 people and left thousands homeless

T/F- The Carthaginian general Hannibal had little success defeating the Roman army.

False, Hannibal was successful

T/F- Imperialism is the act of ruling over one's own people.

False, imperialism\= political, economic, or cultural dominance of one country

T/F- Latifundia were small farms gained after Roman conquest of the Mediterranean world.

False, latifundia \= huge estates

T/F- The Gracchi supported reforms for the common people.

True

T/F- One of Julius Caesar's reforms after becoming dictator was the reorganization of the provincial governments.

True

Agustus

- first Roman emperor of Roman Empire
- long period of peace under his rule called "Pax Romana"

Pax Romana

period of peace under Augustus' rule

Diocletian

- Roman General who became Emperor
- Divided Rome into east and west and appointed a co emperor to make gov. more effective

Roman Empire declines because...

- gov. oppression and corrupt officials leading to loss of followers
- political violence
- power shifts to the eastern half of Rome, causing the East and West to divide
- over-cultivated farmland and overuse of slaves
- high taxes and disease lead to a population decrease
- decline in patriotism, discipline, and devotion to duty
- Invasion of Huns on Germans living on the Roman border causes them to flee into Rome
- weekend Roman legions cannot stop invaders
- German invaders conquer Italy and attacked Rome

Shi Huangdi

- son of king of Qin territory
- became king of Qin at age 13
- created Qin dynasty
- used spies, loyal generals, and bribery to remove leaders of surrounding states to create a united rule under his power
- after he died, the dynasty went down because it was too dependent on him

Han Dynasty

- most famous Han emperor, Wudi, strengthened gov. and economy
-Wudi selected Confucian men as officials.
- boosted economy by improving canals and roads
- reorganized finances
- constantly working on expanding China's borders and fought battles to do so
- his influence spread across many regions
- Han Dynasty known as the "golden age"
- advancement In gov, technology, and the arts

Silk Road

- network of trade routes
- linked China with the rest

Buddhism

* was spread from India to China by missionaries and merchants.
* China had trouble adopting the religion at first because it valued things like family, and Buddhism teaches things like solitary meditation. Also, there were no Bhudist words like "nirvana" in the language.
* despite the challenges, it became very popular because of the idea of escape from suffering, eternal happiness, and salvation
* Current religions (Confucianism or Daoism) didn't involve personal salvation, so this was an appeal to Buddhism.
* absorbed some Confucianism and Daoism traditions

T/F: a fief is a piece of land

true

T/F: vassals often had one lord to whom they owed their first loyalty

true

T/F: a knight is a foot soldier

false

T/F: serfs could be bought and sold

false

T/F: the manor was basically a self-sufficient entity

true

What was feudalism and why did it develop?

- Loosely organized system of rule where powerful lords divided their lands amongst lesser lords in return for service and loyalty.
- Developed during invasions of 700 - 1000 AD when rulers were too weak to protect people from invaders or provide law and order.

What role did noble women play in medieval society?

- While men fought, women took over the duties of the manor. - Supervised vassals, managed households, and did medical and agricultural tasks.
- Sometimes fought to defend her estate.
- Some took a role in politics, even becoming queens.
- Right to inheritance limited, often given land as part of a dowry, if the husband died before her, she gained rights to land.
- Educated with relatives or friends to know spinning and weaving, and how to supervise attendants, some literate.
- Must bear many children and be a dutiful wife.

Discuss the relationship between serfs and lords. Did it benefit one party more than the other?

* had the feudal contract
* Tied together by mutual obligations, serfs work several days a week on lord's land, and repaired roads, bridges, and fences.
* Had to ask lord's permission to marry or leave the manor.


* Had to pay a fee to the lord for certain things (inheritance, use of mill, at Easter and Christmas).
* Lord provides land to work, and protection, the lord could not force them off - secure food, housing, and land.

Discuss the life of a serf in medieval Europe.

- Life was harsh, all worked long hours in farming especially during planting.
- Simple diet of bread and vegetables with little meat. Might eat fish if near a river.
- Harsh punishments for poaching game on lord's manor.
- Slept in same hut as animals.
- Plowed in spring and autumn, harvested and hayed in summer. Maintained during other times.
- Hunger and disease were common.
- celebrations at births and marriages.
- At Christmas and Easter might have meat and at dancing and sports.

T/F: Trade fairs increased because of the activities of the Hanseatic League

False

T/F: Although charters differed, the vast majority allowed the town control of its own affairs

True

Serfdom remained unchanged with the revival of trade and growth of towns.

False

T/F: The Crusades succeeded in recapturing the Holy Land permanently.

False

T/F: The victory at Granada began the Spanish Reconquista.

False

Explain the causes of the population growth that occurred between roughly 1000 and 1300 AD.

- Rising temperature.
- Introduction of the iron plow, a new harness that allows the use of horse over oxen. (Horses can plow more in a day which increases land under cultivation)
- Three-field system adopted
- previously unused land cleared for farming.

What motives led the Church and the people to fight the Crusades?

* Seljuk Turks are threatening Byzantium, taking over most of Asia Minor (including the Holy Land)
* Religion as a cause, also lure of wealth and land, escape troubles at home, want adventure.
* Urban wants to increase his power in Europe and heal the schism.
* Middle East as an outlet for a growing population of knights
* sending them to fight Turks means less war at home.

Discuss the positive and negative impacts of the Crusades.

Negative - Failed to conquer Holy Land, created legacy of religious hatred, does not end schism, actually increases split, popes and secular leaders clash, weakens Byzantine empire.

Positive - quickened economic changes and lead to end of medieval period, increased level of trade, encouraged growth of money economy, undermines serfdom. Increase power of popes and monarchs, gives Europeans wider view of world which contributes to end of medieval period.

multiple choice: How did epic poems reflect the culture of medieval Europe?

-They reflected the belief in the power of compromise and negotiation.
-They reflected the European ideal that the group was more important than the individual.
-They reflected the view that the common people were as important as the nobility.
-They reflected themes of loyalty and heroism that were prized in Europe.

-They reflected themes of loyalty and heroism that were prized in Europe.

multiple choice: What did tapestries and stained-glass windows have in common?

-Both told important stories to an illiterate audience.
-Both were used to decorate peasants' homes.
-Both showed the central role of Christianity in European culture.
-Both reflected Greek and Roman learning.

both told important stories to an illiterate audience

multiple choice: Why were Byzantine scholars so important to Western Europe?

-They made significant advances in science and mathematics.
-They promoted Arabic advances in European courts.
-They helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
-They translated ancient texts into Arabic and then Latin.

They helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman ideas.

multiple choice: How did new knowledge based on Aristotle and other Greek thinkers pose a challenge to Christian scholars?

-The Church said that Christian thinkers were greater philosophers than the Greeks.
-Christians believed that the new knowledge was based on faulty evidence.
-Christians believed in the authority of the Church and accepted ideas on faith.
-The Church decreed that all new knowledge was heretical and dangerous.

Christians believed in the authority of the Church and accepted ideas on faith.

multiple choice: How did the development of universities affect wealthy townspeople, who were not members of the nobility?

-It provided them an opportunity for advancement.
-It forced many to choose between the military and an education.
-It made it more difficult for poor people to enter guilds.
-It guaranteed them a place in the royal court.

It provided them an opportunity for advancement.

T/F: Renaissance thinkers focused on the nature of life and death.

false

T/F: Vernacular is the language of ordinary people.

true

T/F: The rules of perspective allowed Renaissance artists to represent three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface.

true

T/F: Leonardo da Vinci painted the School of Athens.

false

T/F: According to the Book of the Courtier the ideal woman is a balance to the ideal man.

true

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy and not some other European area?

Italy was the center of Roman civilization, and there were daily reminders of Roman glory. Italian cities thrived during Middle Ages and grew into trading and manufacturing centers. Trade ports on the coast had exchange with Muslim world that preserved learning of Greece and Rome. Class of wealthy merchants arose and they promoted the rebirth, offered political and economic leadership and spent money to support arts.

Explain the major beliefs of Humanism.

Hoped to use wisdom of Greece and Rome to understand own world. Focus on secular over religious issues. Education would stimulate creative powers, emphasized the humanities.

Discuss the critique and defense of Machiavelli's ideas expressed in The Prince. What is Machiavelli's lasting impact?

Critics attacked him for being cynical (people motivated by self interest). Later defenders believe he provided a realistic look at politics. Raises important questions about the nature of government and use of power.

Petrarch

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) lived in Florence and was an early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar. He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts gathered from monasteries and churches, helping to preserve these classic works for future generations

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519_ was an Italian artist considered the ideal Renaissance man due to his varied talents. His interests included botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering. His sketches for flying machines and undersea boats resembled the later inventions of airplanes and submarines. Leonardo's paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and the last supper, remain famous today.

Niccolò Machiavelli

(1469-1527) was born in Florence. He was a renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and writer. His most famous work was a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power. The Prince was realistic about political power. Machiavelli argued that the end justified the means in politics. The term "Machiavellian" is still used today to describe deceitful politics.