HUMAN NUTRITION EXAM 1

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Gastric acid

Helps break down food, kill bacteria, and activate digestive enzymes.

Diarrhea

Rapid movement through the colon, nutrient deficiencies, and lack of immunizations.

Mastication

The process of chewing food.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Saliva

A fluid that contains enzymes to help break down food in the mouth.

Enzymes for digestion

Amylase, protease, lipase.

Passive transport

Does not require energy.

Active transport

Requires energy.

Bioavailability

The amount of a nutrient absorbed and used by the body.

Nutrient density

The amount of nutrients a food provides relative to its calories.

Empty-calorie food

A food high in calories but low in nutrients.

Energy density

The amount of calories in a food per gram.

Food security

Having reliable access to nutritious food.

Food insecurity

Lack of consistent access to adequate food.

Malnutrition

Poor nutrition due to a lack or excess of nutrients.

Antioxidants

Compounds that prevent damage from free radicals.

Leading causes of death in the U.S.

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes.

Oxidative stress

Damage caused by free radicals in the body.

Chronic inflammation

Long-term immune response that can lead to disease.

Food preferences

Individual choices based on taste and experiences.

Lead toxicity

Impairs brain development and cognitive function.

GRAS list

"Generally Recognized as Safe" food additives.

Percent Daily Value (%DV)

How much a nutrient contributes to a daily diet.

Beet juice extract

A healthier replacement for Red Dye No. 3.

Mediterranean Diet Pyramid

Focuses on whole foods, healthy fats, and lean proteins.

Healthy dietary pattern characteristics

Balance, variety, moderation, and nutrient density.