ANATOMY UPPER LIMB MUSCLE TABLES

Trapezius Origin

Superior nuchal line, external ocipital protuberance, medial margin of the ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TXII and the related spinous ligaments

Trapezius Insertion

Superior edge of the crest of the spine of the scapula, acromion, posterior border of lateral 1/3 of clavicle.

Trapezius Main Action

Powerful elevator of the scapula; rotates the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; middle fibers retract scapula; lower fibers depress scapula

Trapezius Innervation

Motor Accessory Nerve [XI]

Latissimus Dorsi Origin

Spinous process of TVII to LV, sacrum, iliac crest and lower 3-4 ribs

Latissimus Dorsi Insertion

Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Latissimus Dorsi Main action

Adduction, medial rotation and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint.

Latissimus Dorsi Innervation

Thoracodorsal nerve [C6, C7, C8]

Levator Scapulae Origin

Transverse processes of CI and CII vertebrae and posterior tubercles of transverse processes of CIII and CIV vertebrae

Levator Scapulae Insertion

Posterior surface of medial border of scapula from superior angle to root of spine of the scapula

Levator Scapulae Main Action

Elevates the scapula

Levator Scapulae Innervation

Branches directly from anterior rami of C3 and C4 spinal nerves and by branches [C5] from the dorsal scapular nerve

Anterior Scalene Origin

Anterior tubercles of the transverse process of vertebrae CII to CVI

Anterior Scalene Insertion

Scalene tubercle and upper surface of rib 1

Anterior Scalene Main Action

Elevation of rib 1

Anterior Scalene Innervation

Anterior Rami of C4 to C7

Rhomboid Minor Origin

Spinous processes of CVII-TI vertebrae and intervening supraspinous ligaments

Rhomboid Minor Insertion

Posterior surface of medial border of scapula from superior angle to root of spine of the scapula

Rhomboid Minor Main Action

Elevates and retracts the scapula

Rhomboid Minor Innervation

Dorsal scapular nerve [C4, C5]

Rhomboid Major Origin

Spinous processes of TII-TV vertebrae and intervening supraspinous ligaments

Rhomboid Major Insertion

Posterior surface of medial border of scapula from the root of the spine of the scapula to the inferior angle

Rhomboid Major Main Action

Elevates and retracts the scapula

Rhomboid Major Innervation

Dorsal scapular nerve [C4, C5]

Deltoid Origin

Inferior edge of the crest of the spine of the scapula, lateral margin of the acromion, anterior border of lateral one-third of clavicle

Deltoid Insertion

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Deltoid Main Action

Major abductor of arm; clavicular fibers assist in flexing the arm; posterior fibers assist in extending the arm

Deltoid Innervation

Axillary nerve [C5, C6]

Pectoralis Major Origin

Clavicular head—anterior surface of medial half of clavicle; sternocostal head—anterior surface of sternum; first seven costal cartilages; sternal end of sixth rib; aponeurosis of external oblique

Pectoralis Major Insertion

Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Pectoralis Major Main Action

Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint; clavicular head—flexion of extended arm; sternocostal head—extension of flexed arm

Pectoralis Major Innervation

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves; clavicular head [C5, C6]; sternocostal head [C6, C7, C8, T1]

Pectoralis Minor Origin

Anterior surfaces and superior borders of ribs III to V; and from deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

Pectoralis Minor Insertion

Coracoid process of scapula (medial border and upper surface)

Pectoralis Minor Main Action

Pulls tip of shoulder down; protracts scapula

Pectoralis Minor Innervation

Medial pectoral nerve [C5, C6, C7, C8, T1]

Serratus Anterior Origin

Lateral surfaces of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

Serratus Anterior Insertion

Costal surface of medial border of scapula

Serratus Anterior Main Function

Protraction and rotation of the scapula; keeps medial border and inferior angle of scapula opposed to thoracic wall

Serratus Anterior Innervation

Long thoracic nerve [C5, C6, C7]

Supraspinatus Origin

Medial two-thirds of the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and the deep fascia that covers the muscle

Supraspinatus Insertion

Most superior facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus

Supraspinatus Main Action

Rotator cuff muscle; participates in abduction of the glenohumeral jont; stabilization of glenohumeral join

Supraspinatus Innervation

Suprascapular nerve [C5, C6]

Infraspinatus Origin

Medial two-thirds of the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and the deep fascia that covers the muscle

Infraspinatus Insertion

Middle facet on posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

Infraspinatus Main Action

Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint; stabilization of glenohumeral joint

Infraspinatus Innervation

Suprascapular nerve [C5, C6]

Teres Minor Origin

Upper two-thirds of a flattened strip of bone on the posterior surface of the scapula immediately adjacent to the lateral border of the scapula

Teres Minor Insertion

Inferior facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

Teres Minor Main Action

Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint; stabilization of glenohumeral joint

Teres Minor Innervation

Axillary nerve [C5, C6]

Subscapuralis Origin

Medial two-thirds of subscapular fossa

Subscapularis Insertion

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Subscapularis Main Action

Rotator cuff muscle; medial rotation of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

Subscapularis Innervation

Upper and lower subscapular nerves [C5, C6, (C7)]

Teres Major Origin

Elongate oval area on the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula

Teres Major Insertion

Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus

Teres Major Main Action

Medial rotation and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

Teres Major Innervation

Lower subscapular nerve [C5, C6, C7]

Biceps Brachii Origin

Long head—supraglenoid tubercle of scapula; short head—apex of coracoid process

Biceps Brachii Insertion

Radial tuberosity

Biceps Brachii Main Action

Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm; accessory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

Biceps Brachii Innervation

Musculocutaneous nerve [C5, C6]

Coracobrachialis Origin

Apex of coracoid process

Coracobrachialis Insertion

Linear roughening on mid-shaft of humerus on medial side

Coracobrachialis Main Action

Flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint; adducts arm

Coracobrachialis Innervation

Musculocutaneous nerve [C5, C6]

Brachialis Origin

Anterior aspect of humerus (medial and lateral surfaces) and adjacent intermuscular septae

Brachialis Insertion

Tuberosity of the ulna

Brachialis Main Anction

Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint

Brachialis Innervation

Musculocutaneous nerve [C5, C6]

Brachioradialis Origin

Proximal part of lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus and adjacent intermuscular septum

Brachioradialis Insertion

Lateral surface of distal end of radius

Brachioradialis Main Action

Accessory flexor of elbow joint when forearm is mid-protonated

Brachioradialis Innervation

Radial nerve [C5, C6] before division into superficial and deep branches

Triceps Brachii Origin

Long head—infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; medial head—posterior surface of humerus; lateral head—posterior surface of humerus

Triceps Brachii Insertion

Olecranon

Triceps Brachii Main Action

Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint. Long head can also extend and adduct the arm at the shoulder joint

Triceps Brachii Innervation

Radial Nerve [C6, C7, C8]

Pronator Quadratus Origin

Linear ridge on distal anterior surface of ulna

Pronator Quadratus Insertion

DIstal anterior surface of radius

Pronator Quadratus Main Action

Pronation

Pronator Quadratus Innervation

Median Nerve [C7,C8]

Pronator Teres Origin

Humeral head—medial epicondyle and adjacent supraepicondylar ridge; ulnar head—medial side of coronoid process

Pronator Teres Insertion

Roughening on lateral surface, mid-shaft of radius

Pronator Teres Main action

Pronation

Pronator Teres Innervation

Median Nerve [C6, C7]

Supinator Origin

Superficial layer—lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral and anular ligaments; deep layer—supinator crest of the ulna

Supinator Insertion

Lateral surface of radius superior to the anterior oblique line

Supinator Main Function

Supination

Supinator Innervation

Posterior Interosseous nerve [C6, C7]