active 17 fuck my life

What is gene expression

process where a gene’s dna is used to make rna and proteins

what is transcription

copying of dna to mrna

what is translation

reading mrna to make a protein

Three ways RNA differs from DNA

Different sugar
Different nitrogen base
Different structure

monomer of dna and rna

nucleotide

monomer of protein

amino acid

transcription product synthesized

mRNA

transcription template

DNA

transcription location in euk cell

nucleus

translation template

mRNA

translation product synthesized

protein (polypeptide)

translation location in euk cell

cytoplasm on ribosome

central dogma

genetic information flowing from DNA to RNA by transcription and from RNA to protein by translation

proteins are made up of 

amino acids

how many different types of amino acids are used in protein synthesis

20 amino acids

in what organ in humans is the crystallin gene expressed

lens of the eye

what is produced when crystallin gene is expressed

crystallin proteins

crystallin protein function

maintain lens transparency and focus light onto retina

three main types of crystallin

alpha beta gamma (a b y)

do skin cells have the crystallin gene?

yes, but no expression, only lens cells activate genes

dna letters

atcg

rna letters

aucg

how is rna different from DNA

single stranded, in nucleus and cytoplasm, carries and translates genetic info

how many nucleotides in a codon

three

how many total codons are there in dna langauge

64

which dna strand is used to produce mRNA transcript

template strand

is dna single or double stranded

double, but only template strand is used during transcription to make mRNA

two strands of dna and function

template strand, used to make mRNA
coding strand, matches mRNA sequence

dna to mrna A turns into

U

dna to mrna T turns into

A

dna to mrna C turns into

G

dna to mrna G turns into

C

what are codons

group of three nucleotides in mRNA that tell the cell which amino acid to add

how many codons code for amino acids

61

stop codons

UAA UAG UGA

where is the start codon

AUG

Which amino acid does AUG code for

Met, start codon that signals beginning of protein synthesis

why is genetic code  redundant and not ambiguous 

redundant because multiple codons can code for same amino acid
not ambiguous because each codon always codes for only one specific amino acid

what is a reading frame

way nucleotides in mRNA are grouped into codons during translation

what happens when reading frame is shifted

all codons change, producing wrong amino acids

what sets the correct reading frame

start codon AUG

where does the amino acid attach on t RNA

3’ end

where is the anticodon located

bottom loop of tRNA molecule

what is an anticodon

set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that pairs with complementary codon on mRNA during translation

anticodon example if mrna is aug trna is

uac

top of clover

3’ end of trna where a specific amino acid binds

bottom of clover green loop

anticodon loop, three bases forming anticodon

middle pink blue loop

D loop and TYC loop, helps molecule fold properly and interact with ribosome

left groove of large subunit

e site, trna exits

middle groove of large subunit

p site, peptidyl site holds tRNA with growing peptide chain

right groove of large subunit

A site, aminoacyl, entry site where tRNA carrying new amino acid binds to mRNA codon

what are two units of euk ribosome

large 60s small 40s

total size of euk ribosome

80s

mrna description

single stranded copy of a gene made during transcriptionm

mrna function

carry genetic code from dna to ribosome

trna description

cloverleaf shaped molecule with anticodon and aminoacid attachment site

trna function

bring correct amino acid to ribsome by matching anticodon to mrna codon

rrna description

structural rna that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

rrna function

form ribosome and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acid

why is anticodon important during protein synthesis

ensures correct amino acid is added to growing protein chain

enzyme that uses dna template strand to transcribe new mrna strand, doesnt require primer

rna pol

what is a transcription unit

stretch of dna that is transcibred into rna by rna pol

promoter

where rna pol binds and starts transcription

the gene of transcription unit

part that is actually copied into rna

terminator of transcription unit

sequence that signals rna pol to stop transcription