modern psych in hist perspective - Pavlov

how do individuals have unconditioned responses to unconditioned stimuli?

they are inborn

how do individuals have conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli?

they are learned

what did Pavlov say a reflex is?

a link between stimulus and response mediated by the CNS

what is generalization?

conditioned response can be elicited by stimuli that are similar, but not identical to the conditioned stimulus

what kind of generalization is possible for animals?

1st-order signal system based on sensory similarity

what kind of generalization is possible for humans?

1st-order and 2nd-order signal system based on symbolic similarity

where is the distinction between animal and human generalization evident?

in the generalization of phobias

what do 1st-order signals represent?

the sensory characteristics of an object

what do 2nd-order signals represent?

the symbolic characterics of an objects

what is the 1st-order reflex in reflex chaining?

reaction to conditioned stimulus 1 linked to unconditioned stimulus

what is the 2nd-order reflex in reflex chaining?

reaction to conditioned stimulus 2 linked to conditioned stimulus 1

what is the 3rd-order reflex in reflex chaining?

reaction to conditioned stimulus 3 linked to conditioned stimulus 2

when does the 3rd-order reflex occur?

only when pain is used as the unconditioned stimulus

what is extinction?

the weakening of the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association

which reactions are generally easier to extinguish?

CNS more than ANS

what were Ader and Cohen able to do to rats?

behaviorally condition immunosuppression

how were Ader and Cohen able to behaviorally condition immunosuppression?

conditioned sweetened water to produce nausea and immunosuppression by pairing it with an immunosuppressant