Organic Chemistry Introduction IGCSE Chemistry

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What is organic chemistry?

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Introduction to organic chemistry IGCSE

22 Terms

1

What is organic chemistry?

The scientific study of the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds. (this does not include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or metal carbonates)

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2

What is an organic compound

A chemical compound that contains carbon

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3

Hydrocarbon definition and example

Definition: A compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon

Example: An alkane

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4

How can organic compounds be shown? (5)

  • Empirical Formulae

  • Molecular Formulae

  • General Formulae

  • Structural Formulae

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5

Empirical formulae and example

  • Shows the simplest possible ratio of the atoms in a molecule

  • For example: Hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 but the empirical formula is HO

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6

Molecular formula and example

  • Shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule

  • For example:

<ul><li><p><span>Shows the&nbsp;<strong>actual number</strong>&nbsp;of atoms in a molecule</span></p></li><li><p><span>For example:</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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7

General formula and example

  • Shows a ratio of atoms in a family of compounds in terms of ‘n’ where n is a varying whole number

  • For example, the general formula of a molecule that belongs to the alkane family is CnH2n+2

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8

Displayed formula and example

  • shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule - this is also known as the graphical formula.

  • For example:

<ul><li><p><span>shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule - this is also known as the&nbsp;<strong>graphical formula.</strong></span></p></li><li><p><span>For example:</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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9

Functional Group

A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series

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10

Examples of functional groups (6)

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11

Naming organic molecules

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12

Classifying organic reactions

  • Substitution

  • Addition

  • Combustion

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13

Substitution and example

  • A substitution reaction takes place when one functional group is replaced by another

    • Example: Methane reacts with bromine under ultraviolet light

CH4    +    Br2       →            CH3Br   +    HBr

    Methane + Bromine   →   Bromomethane + Hydrogen Bromide

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14

Addition and example

  • Takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule with no other products

    • Example: Bromine will react with ethene and the bromine molecule will react and add across the double bond of the ethene

C2H4     +       Br2         →         C2H4Br2

Ethene   +   Bromine   →   Dibromoethane

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15

Combustion and example

Combustion

  • This is the scientific term for burning. In a combustion reaction, an organic substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide if incomplete combustion) and water.

    • Example: Alkenes burn when heated in air of oxygen

    • If there is an unlimited supply of air / oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water:

CH4   +   2O2   →   CO2   +   2H2O

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16

Alkane

Are a saturated molecule - enough bonds for

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17

Alkene

Unsaturated molecule - not enough bonds for the carbon and so forms a double bond

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18

How to know if the hydrocarbon is an alkane or an alkene

Alkanes have a single bond and alkenes have a double one

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19

Does crude oil have mainly Alkanes or alkenes

Alkanes

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20

Formula for alkane

CnH₂n+² (fill in N with the humber of carbon atoms to get your formula)

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21

Use the formula for the alkane Ethane - show your working

Ethane has 2 carbon atoms so to fill in the formula:

CnH₂n+² = C(2)H2×2(+2)

= C₂H₈

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