Exam 3 Livestock Animal Management

Grass tetany is caused by?

Hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency)

This form of bloat in cattle is a result of ingesting legumes and occurs most commonly in the spring and fall.

Frothy bloat

Frothy bloat is caused by the ingestion of what plant?

Legumes (clover/alfalfa) during the spring and fall

Fescue Lameness (fescue foot) in cattle is caused by?

Neotyphodium coenophialum, a fungus found in tall fescue

Neotyphodium coenophialum, a fungus found in tall fescue causes what in cattle?

Fescue Lameness (fescue foot)

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and Edema (fog fever) is caused by?

Unacclimated cattle turned out to lush pasture containing L-tryptophan which is broken down into 3-Methylindole which is toxic to the lung

When you turn cattle out onto lush pastures that contain ___________ which they break down into _________________, which is toxic to the lungs, what does it cause in cattle?

L-tryptophan

3-Methylindole

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and Edema (fog fever)

What are examples of causes for non-infectious diseases in cattle?

-Metabolic disorders (issues with rations)

-Congenital defects (Schistosomes reflexes, curly calf, cleft palate),

-Toxic substances (chemicals, plants, animals)

-Foreign bodies (hardware disease)

-Injury

Ketosis (acetonemia) occurs when?

When cattle have a negative energy balance, energy demands exceeds intake

Most likely to see Ketosis (acetonemia) during what time in a cows life?

Peak lactation, 3-6 weeks after calving

What are the clinical signs of ketosis (acetonemia)?

• Reduced milk yield

• Weight loss

• Reduced appetite

• Dull coat

• Acetone smell of breath/ or milk fever

• Some develop nervous signs including excess salivation, licking, aggression etc.

What is the treatment for ketosis (acetonemia)?

Restore lack of glucose in the body by glucose replacement or a hormones prescription (corticosteroids)

Corticosteroids have the ability to do what, which can elevate what disease?

Break down protein in muscles to produce glucose, which immediately replenished depressed blood glucose levels

Ketosis (acetonemia)

Bloat occurs when?

When there is a build up of gas in the rumen

What are the clinical signs of bloat?

• Distended left abdomen is the most obvious sign

• Usually associated with pain, discomfort, and bellowing

Why when an animal bloats is the left side distended and not the right?

Rumen sits on the left side

Frothy bloat increases what inside the cow that makes it hard for them to belch out methane?

Surface tension

Gaseous bloat is most commonly caused when?

Something obstructs the gas flow out of the rumen

- Foreign body (apples), diaphragmatic hernia, rumen tympany, tumors, vagal indigestion

What acutally kills an animal wehn it has frothy bloat?

Suffocation, pressure on diaphragm makes it so it cant breathe

Treatment for frothy bloat includes?

• Esophageal intubation

• Anti-froth agent (soap breaks the surface tension)

- Therabloat

• Trocarization if needed

• Keep off of legumes or lush pastures

Treatment for gaseous bloat includes?

• Esophageal intubation

- Will clear obstruction if a foreign body is the cause

• Trocarization if needed

What are the clinical signs of Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and

Edema (Fog Fever)?

• Mouth breathing, extension of the tongue, and drooling

• Loud expiratory grunt is common, but coughing unusual

• Early stages: auscultation reveals surprisingly soft

respiratory sounds

• Mild exercise increases dyspnea and may precipitate death

What is the treatments for Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and

Edema (Fog Fever)?

Minimal treatments are available, control/prevention is the best way to deal with this

Control/prevention includes avoiding certain pastures, feed hay before turnout to limit exposure, limit grazing time, using pastures before they become lush, strip graze pastures

What are the clinical signs of Fescue Lameness (Fescue Foot)?

• It begins with lameness in one or both hindfeet and may progress to necrosis of the distal part of the affected limbs

What is the treatment options for Fescue Lameness (Fescue Foot)?

Get the animal off fescue grass

Grass Tetany is most commonly seen in what group of cattle?

Lactating cow

What are the clinical signs of Grass Tetany?

• Grazing normally, suddenly throw up their heads, bellow, gallop in a blind frenzy, fall, and exhibit severe paddling convulsions

• Will be down on side

What is the treatment for Grass Tetany?

IV administration to replenish deficiency

While fractures can happen at any age, what group are they seen the most in?

Calves less than a year of age

Majority of fractures are of what part of the leg?

Metacarpal/tarsal fractures

What are the treatment options for fractures?

External fixation (casting or thomas spints)

Coxofemoral Luxation is caused by?

Occurs when cattle ride each other

What are the clinical signs of a Coxofemoral Luxation?

• Affected limb appears shorter than contralateral limb

• Will drag one foot behind other

• Often will circumduct limb and drag toe

How is a Coxofemoral Luxation treated?

Surgery (very expense and no guarantee of success) or Reduction (cheaper and no guarantee of success)

Lead poisoning is caused mainly by?

Cattle being exposed to used oil and licking old batteries

What are the clinical signs of lead poisoning?

• Within 24-48 hr of exposure include ataxia, blindness, salivation, spastic twitching of eyelids, jaw champing, bruxism, muscle tremors, and convulsions.

What is the treatment for lead poisoning?

Calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA)

Calcium disodium edetate (Ca-EDTA) is treatment for what?

Lead poisoning

Nitrate poisoning is caused by what?

Accidental ingestion of fertilizer

What are the clinical signs of Nitrate poisoning?

• Appear suddenly

• Brown, cyanotic mucous membranes develop rapidly

What is the treatment for Nitrate poisoning?

IV injection of 1% methylene blue in distilled water or isotonic saline

Rumentitis (liver abscess complex) is casued by what?

Cattle on a high-concentrate ration

Rumentitis (liver abscess complex) main etiologic agent is?

Fusobacterium necrophorum a gram negative, normal flora of the rumen

Fusobacterium necrophorum a gram negative, normal flora of the rumen causes what in cattle?

Rumentitis (liver abscess complex)

The small area of necrosis (on the liver) during Rumentitis is caused by the animal being infected by?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Treatment for Rumentitis is?

Feed antibiotics (difficult because of veterinarian feed directive), Tylosin, and Virgininamycin

White muscle disease is caused by?

Selenium deficiency

Where is White Muscle disease common?

Where soil is lacking in selenium

What is the clinical signs of White Muscle disease?

Cardiac muscle has white tiger stripes

What is the treatment for White Muscle disease?

Selenium/vitamin E injection

Polioencephalomalacia is caused by what?

Thiamine (vitamin B deficiency in younger cattle or a high sulfur diet

What is the clnical signs of Polioencephalomalacia?

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) is caused by what?

Perforation of the reticular wall

After there is perforation of the reticular wall what happens inside the cattle?

Ingesta and microbes leak out, contaminates peritoneal cavity, generalized peritonitis

What are the clinical signs of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)?

• Off feed

• Arched back

• Reluctance to move

• Positive on "grunt test"

What is the treatment for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease)?

Surgical or medical,

- In early cases magnets can be placed to trap foreign bodies

- Rumenotomy with manual removal

- Treatment with antibiotics

Advance cases have a grave prognosis

Traumatic Reticulopericarditis (hardware disease) is caused by what?

Instead of just reticulum perforation, punctures the

pericardium

After there is perforation of the reticulum and puncturing of the pericardium what happens inside the cattle?

Causes fibrin to be laid down in the pericardial sac (walling it off)

Clinical signs of Traumatic Reticulopericarditis (hardware disease) are what?

Left sided murmur with tachycarida

• Off feed

• Arched back

• Reluctance to move

• Positive on "grunt test"

Difference between infectious disease and non-infectious disease?

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens (bacteria and viruses)

Where does the esophagus sit in relation to the trachea and the pharynx?

Esophagus is dorsal to the trachea so dorsally in the pharynx and as you move down the cervical region, it moves toward the left

Cattle that develop acetonemia (ketosis) have reduced milk yield, weight loss, dull hair coat, and what smells to their breath?

Acetone (fingernail polish)

Grass tetany in cattle is most commonly caused by deficiency in which mineral?

Magnesium

Fescue lameness (fescue foot) can cause necrosis and sloughing of what other tissues in affected cattle?

Ear tips and distal tail

Bruxism (grinding teeth) in cattle is a sign of?

Pain

Which form of hardware disease results in puncture of the pericardium and fibrin in the pericardial sac?

Traumatic reticulopericarditis

Fescue Lameness (fescue foot) in cattle is caused by?

Neotyphodium coenophialum, a fungus found in tall fescue

The pictured cow was recently turned out on a clover Ridge pasture, she is suffering from what metabolic condition?(Picture of cow with bloated abdomen)

Frothy bloat

This cause of gaseous bloat can be confused for rabies in cattle, due to hypersalivation and distress of the animal.

Foreign body obstruction of the esophagus

Nitrate poisoning in cattle causes rapid weak heartbeat, hypothermia, muscle tremors/weakness, ataxia, and the mucus membranes to have what appearance?

Brown, cyanotic

What is the least critical period for nutrition requirements for a cow?

Mid lactation/gestation

Coxofemoral luxation in cattle is often not fixable and results in euthanasia or slaughter of the animal.

True

Which is the best treatment for Acute Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema and Edema (fog fever)?

There is no effective treatment

Polioencephalomalacia is a deficiency of that vitamin in cattle?

B1 (thiamine)

When a trocar was placed in a bloated cow the material pictured was immediately expelled from the trocar. This indicates the cow is suffering from a frothy bloat.(picture of bubbles coming out of the trocar)

True

Today lead toxicity is less common in cattle than in previous generations. What remains the number one toxic exposure to lead in cattle?

Licking old batteries

This form of bloat in cattle is most effectively treated by temporary trocarization of the rumen.

Gaseous bloat

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD, or shipping fever) is caused by what?

All answer choices could potentially be correct as BRD is caused by multiple pathogens. (Mannheimia haemolytica,

Pasteurella sp, Adenovirus)

Bovine Respiratory Disease is not only the most common reason for this clinical sign, it is also often the first clinical sign of a BRD infection. What is the clinical sign?

Pyrexia (fever)

Clostridium chauvoei (black leg) is a disease that affects what group of cattle?

Larger calves between 500 and 600 pounds

A bred cow that has never been exposed to a modified live BVD vaccine should be given what preventative?

Killed vaccine

BVD mucosal disease occurs when a BVD persistently infected (PI) animal is exposed to what External origin?

Modified Live vaccine is given to the PI

Leptospirosis in cattle most commonly results in what clinical sign/signs?

Abortions or weak born calves

Bovine infectious conjunctivitis is caused by what pathogen?

Moraxella bovis

Scours occurs most commonly in young cattle and results in diarrhea, depression, Anorexia, and pyrexia. Scours is caused by what pathogen?

All answer choices are possible causes of scours in calves. (E. Coli, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens,

Cryptosporidium and coccidia, Rota and Corona viruses)

Circling disease of ruminants is caused by what bacteria?

Listeria monocytogenes

What is the best course of action for a bovine confirmed to have Johne's disease?

Cull the animal

It is safe to give a bred cow who has never been vaccinated previously a modified live BVDV vaccine during her pregnancy.

False

A persistently infected (PI) BVDV cow is most commonly infected with the

Noncytopathic form

If a BVDV negative cow is bred and exposed to a persistently infected BVDV herd mate, the calf she is carrying will be born?

BVDV positive

Which infectious disease is the most cost effective for producers?

BVDV

Cytopathic verse Noncytopathic BVD

Cytopathic the cell dies, Noncytopathic the cell does not die

What are the clinical signs of BVD/BVDV?

- Respiratory signs, ocular/nasal discharge, pyrexia, depression, and several days later diarrhea

- Abortions in bred cattle

PI stands for

Persistent infectors, these are cattle that don't show common clinical signs but consistently shed the virus in the environment.

What is the treatment for BVD?

Prevention is treatment, using either killed vaccines or modified live vaccines (these mainly cause PI caves because people do not use them properly)

BVD mucosal disease presents as?

Pyrexia, dysenteric diarrhea, anorexia, oral lesions

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD or shipping fever) is caused by what virally?

BRSV, PI3, Adenovirus, BVD, and IBR

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD or shipping fever) is caused by what bacterially?

Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica

Treatment for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD or shipping fever) is?

Prevention (vaccines available) and symptomatic treatments (antibiotics and NSAIDS banamine)

Black leg is caused by what?

Clostridium chauvoei