Cardiovascular system

function of cardiovascular system

transport food, water, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, oxygen to cells of the body, remove wastes and carbon dioxide

apex of the heart

inferior pointed tip of the heart

base of the heart

top of the heart

pericardium

triple layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart

fibrous pericardium

tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue - prevents overstretching, protection, anchorage

serous pericardium

thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart

parietal pericardium

Outer layer of serous pericardium, fused to the fibrous pericardium.

visceral pericardium

adhers directly to the heart

pericardial cavity

space between the parietal and visceral pericardium,

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart

myocardium

muscular, thicker middle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart, lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves

atria (left and right)

upper chambers of the heart, act as receiving chambers of blood entering the heart

auricles

appendages that increase atrial volume as they receive blood

interatrial septum

partition between the right and left atria

ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, push blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels

trabeculae corneae

irregular ridges of muscle that mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers

papillary muscle

slender projections formed by trabeculae corneae which attaches to the heart valves

interventicular septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

chordae tendineae

attach from the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles on the ventricular walls

heart murmur

abnormal heart sound, AV valves have a defect that prevents complete closure, some blood flows back into the atria

pulminary valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic valve

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

"lub" sounds of the heart

the closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves and the contraction of the ventricles

"dup" sounds of the heart

the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves

coronary circulation

flow of blood to the heart

heart corona

forms when coronary arteries continue to branch into more arteries

cardiac cycle

sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats

systole

ventricles contract

diastole

ventricles relax

Peacemaker of the heart

sinoatrial (SA) node

atrioventricular node

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria

purkinje fibers

conduction fibers that conduct impulses through the ventricles of the heart

electrocardiagram

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

p wave

electrical wave that passes over atria

Q, R, S wave

electrical wave passes over ventricles

T wave

ventricular repolarization

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

tachycardia

rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute

Bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

fibrillation

chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped out by a left ventricle with each heartbeat

medulla oblongata

regulates the heart rate or the number of heartbeats per minute

sympathetic division

increases the heart rate

parasympathetic division

decreases the heart rate

Bainbridge reflex

increases heart rate during physical activity

Starling's law

The more the heart is filled during diastole the more forcefully it contracts

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

tunica intima of artery

middle, thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

tunica media of artery

middle, thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

tunica adventitia of artery

outer layer of connective tissue that anchors the artery to neighboring structures

capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the interstitial fluid

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

tunica intima of a vein

thin layer of endothelium, larger lumen than an artery

tunica media of vein

thin layer of smooth muscle, properties of contractility and elasticity are limited

property of distensibility

elastic properties of the arterial wall

venous return of blood to the heart

valves, respiratory pump, skeletal muscle pump

pulse

expanding and recoiling of an artery wall

increase cardiac output

increase blood pressure

decrease in cardiac output

decrease blood pressure

hormonal controls

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases blood pressure

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases blood pressure

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increases blood pressure

kidneys

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release of remin will increase blood pressure

an increase in the amount of urine will decrease blood pressure and vise versa

pulmonary circulation

blood travelling back and forth from the lungs

systemic circulation

blood travelling back and forth from the body

oxygenated blood

systemic arteries and pulmonary veins

deoxygenated blood

systemic veins and pulmonary arteries

heart attack

the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can't get oxygen

atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

arterial sclerosis

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls

congestive heart failure

the heart has a reduced ability to fill or pump blood. This leads to a state where the heart is not pumping enough blood to get tissues adequate oxygen.

hypertension

elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure

aneurism

an excessive localized __enlargement__ of an __artery__ caused by a __weakening__ of the artery wall.

varicose

affected by a condition causing the swelling and __tortuous__ __lengthening__ of __veins__, most often in the legs

internal carotid

brain

external carotid

neck, face, and head

subclavian

clavicle area

axillary

shoulder

brachial

upper arm

ulnar

forearm

radial

forearm

palmar

palm of the hand

femoral

thigh

anterior tibial

shin

posterior tibial

calf

internal iliac

pelvic area

renal

kidneys

celiac

digestive organs

hepatic

liver

internal jugular

brain

external jugular

head and neck

subclavian

clavicle area

axillary

shoulder

brachial

upper arm

ulnar

forearm

radial

forearm

femoral

thigh

great saphenous

leg

popliteal

knee