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achondroplasia
a genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor - “dwarfism”
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton
appositional growth
growth in width
apocrine glands
glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion
arrector pili muscle
the small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle
axial skeleton
portion of the skeletal system that consist of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column
basal cell carcinoma
most common and least severe type of skin cancer - often characterized by light or pearly nodules
bone canaliculi
microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone
central canal
a tiny channel found within the spinal cord - lies below and is connected to the ventricular system of the brain
ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)
compact bone
hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
cutaneous plexus
network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis
dermis
inner layer of skin
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
eccrine glands
glands that produce sweat - found over most of the body
endochondral ossification
process of transforming cartilage into bone
endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
epidermal ridges
downward waves of epidermis - fingerprints
epidermis
outermost layer of skin
epiphysis
end of a long bone
fracture
to break (a bone)
gigantism
a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life
hair follicle
sac within which each hair grows
hard (bony) callus
bony collar around spongy bone replacing the fibrocartilage callus - third step in healing of a fracture
hemotoma
a solid swelling of clotted blood within tissues
hypodermis
the layer of skin beneath the dermis, which serves as fat storage
intervertebral discs
separate and cushion the vertebrae
intramembranous ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane
keratin
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair and nails
keratinocytes
the most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back
lucanae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
lamallae
rings around the central canal, sites of lucanae
longitudinal growth
increases a bone’s length
lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
mammary glands
specialized organs in mammals that produce milk
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
melanin
a pigment that gives skin its color
melanocytes
cells that produce melanin
melanoma
the most serious form of skin cancer - melanocytes start to grow out of control
model
a three-dimensional representation of human or animal anatomy
nail
outgrowth of the skin, composed of keratin at the end of each finger and toe
osteoblasts
bone building cells
osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
osteocyte
maintains bone
osteogenic cells
stem cells
osteon
a structural unit of compact bone
osteoporosis
a condition in which the body’s bones become weak and break easily
papillary layer
outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis - loose connective tissue
periosteum
a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones
primary ossification center
region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification
red marrow
produces blood cells
reticular layer
deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients - dense connective tissue
rule of 9’s
head and neck - 9%
upper extremities - 9% each
lower extremities - 9% each
front trunk - 18%
back trunk - 18%
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
sebaceous follicles
discharge directly onto skin surfaces
sebaceous glands
secrete oil into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis
sebum
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
soft callus
mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue
spongy bone
layer of bon tissue having many small spaces and found just inside of compact bone
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of squamous epithelium cells in the epidermis
subpapillary plexus
network of small arteries in papillary layer
capillaries drain into small veins that lead to larger veins in subcutaneous layer
sweat glands
produce sweat
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
vertebrae
backbones - spine
yellow marrow
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones