Biopsychology Exam 1

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295 Terms

1

disembodied mind

cultural / religious perspective
- body = biological machine, robot to the spirit
- spirit = seat of personality memory, choice, mood, emotion
- brain = interface between body and spirit that exchanges info (contains no memory and not responsible for choice)

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2

embodied mind

mind 'arises' from the brain, more scientifically accurate
- for every brain state, there is a corresponding mental state at that moment

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3

biopsychology

physical processes fully cause and underlie all behaviors
- everything we do, think, feel, perceive, sense, etc. is the SOLE result of brain / body processes (embodied)

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4

is a conscious mind necessary for adaptive behavior?

no
- ex: blindsight - cortical blindness; will state that they cannot see a dot on a screen (even though eyes work fine), but can accurately say which direction the dot moved
- schizophrenia
- alcohol disinhibits dopamine release, which is involved in desire, reinforcement, pleasure, etc.

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5

parts of a neuron

dendrites, cell body (soma), nucleus, axon hillock, axon, axon terminal, synaptic cleft

<p>dendrites, cell body (soma), nucleus, axon hillock, axon, axon terminal, synaptic cleft</p>
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cell body (soma)

contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life
- info filters into here

<p>contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain its life<br>- info filters into here</p>
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7

axon terminal

the endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored

<p>the endpoint of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored</p>
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8

synaptic cleft

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
- physical distance that separates neurons

<p>a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal<br>- physical distance that separates neurons</p>
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9

oligodendrocytes

type of glial cell that wraps axons in a myelin sheath (CNS)

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10

radial glia

structural support

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11

microglia

cell repair

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12

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (brain+spinal cord) to the rest of the body

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13

3 important cranial nerves

olfactory nerve, optic nerve (or chiasm), and vagus nerve

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14

olfactory bulb

first site of input for odor information from nose
- NOT a nerve

<p>first site of input for odor information from nose<br>- NOT a nerve</p>
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15

optic nerve / chiasm

carries visual information from the retina to the thalamus; allows left visual field to cross over to right hemisphere

<p>carries visual information from the retina to the thalamus; allows left visual field to cross over to right hemisphere</p>
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16

autonomic nervous system

- the part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)

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17

ventral side of brain

bottom (aka inferior)

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18

caudal side of brain

back (aka posterior)

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19

horizontal plane

knowt flashcard image
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20

ipsilateral

on the same hemisphere of the brain / side of body

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21

afferent

sensory, where a projection comes from

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22

vertebra of spinal column

spinal cord runs through dorsally to ventrally, anatomically organized

<p>spinal cord runs through dorsally to ventrally, anatomically organized</p>
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23

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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24

meninges of the brain

tightly-regulated membranous sacs that protect and minimize brain damage

<p>tightly-regulated membranous sacs that protect and minimize brain damage</p>
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25

sub-arachnoid lymphatic-like membrane

new, glymphatic system

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26

sub-arachnoid space

contains cerebrospinal fluid

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27

pia mater (meninge)

thin membrane next to brain; contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells of brain and spinal cord beneath

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28

spinal cord meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (same ones as brain)

<p>dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (same ones as brain)</p>
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29

central canal

filled with cerebrospinal fluid (made by the choroid plexus in the ventricles), which is released to immerse the brain, and is then absorbed by the bloodstream

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30

medulla

spinal thalamic fibers of passage; respiration, salivation, etc.

<p>spinal thalamic fibers of passage; respiration, salivation, etc.</p>
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31

midbrain

on top of pons, broken into subsets of tissues: tectum and tegmentum

<p>on top of pons, broken into subsets of tissues: <strong>tectum</strong> and <strong>tegmentum</strong> </p>
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32

inferior colliculus

auditory localization (pitch, etc)

<p>auditory localization (pitch, etc)</p>
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33

cerebral cortex

aka cerebrum; higher processing, includes all the lobes

<p>aka cerebrum; higher processing, includes all the lobes</p>
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34

4 cortical lobes of the brain

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

<p>frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital</p>
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35

sulcus (sulci)

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

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36

lateral fissure separates what lobes?

frontal and temporal

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37

central sulcus separates what lobes?

frontal and parietal

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38

longitudinal fissure separates what?

left and right hemispheres

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39

occipital lobe

visual processing

<p>visual processing</p>
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40

parietal lobe

somatosensory processing (touch, body position), attention, body space awareness

<p>somatosensory processing (touch, body position), attention, body space awareness</p>
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41

Phineas Gage

railroad worker, pole went through his head, became an ill-tempered man (was originally good / friendly)
- personality change due to lesion in frontal lobe

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42

what parts does the brainstem consist of?

medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus

<p>medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus</p>
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43

limbic system

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions, motivations / drives, and memory

<p>neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions, motivations / drives, and memory</p>
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44

what does the basal ganglia consist of?

Striatum (composed of caudate and putamen) and Globus Pallidus

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45

the brain is not just cell bodies, but dendrite and axon connecting areas called...

coronal radiations and association fibers

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46

embryonic divisions

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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47

hindbrain divisons

myelencephalon and metencephalon

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48

metencephalon

pons, cerebellum, and 4th ventricle

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49

midbrain divisions

mesencephalon

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50

hypothalamus

motivated behavior (4 F's):
fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fornication (sex)

<p>motivated behavior (4 F's): <br>fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fornication (sex)</p>
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51

Nissl-Stained rat brain

stains cell bodies, saw different shades (layers) in the cortex

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52

lamina

cell layers (usually of the cortex)

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53

projection neuron

primary axons leave structure or layer

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54

nucleus

1. collection of cell bodies in the CNS
2. part of neuron holding DNA

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55

pituitary gland

"master" gland - in endocrine system, releases hormones that influence other glands

<p>"master" gland - in endocrine system, releases hormones that influence other glands</p>
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56

pineal gland

sleep wake cycle, not repeated in both hemispheres (just 1)

<p>sleep wake cycle, not repeated in both hemispheres (just 1)</p>
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57

what would a stroke in the left hemisphere parietal lobe impair?

speech, motor, and memory

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58

presynpatic neuron

neuron that sends the signal

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59

what does an action potential represent?

information being carried / transported

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60

basic flow of information in a neuron: step 5/10

electric potential summates in space / time, producing 'graded' potential

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61

basic flow of information in a neuron: step 6/10

if voltage that reaches axon hillock is sufficient, neuron initiates an action potential to transmit a message to other neurons

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62

basic flow of information in a neuron: step 9/10

when AP reaches axon terminal, it causes neurotransmitter to be released to the next neuron

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63

ion channels

protein "tunnels" in the cell membrane that are typically selective for a particular ion (ex: Na+)

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64

leak channels

open all the time, permeable to potassium (K+)

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65

if we measure ion flow when the neuron is "at rest", we will find that...

- Na+ ions continuously ENTER the cell through leak channels
- K+ ions continuously LEAVE the cell through leak channels

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66

why do ions flow in the direction they do?

they have different concentration gradients
- the inside and outside of the neuron contain billions of ions
- the internal and external concentrations of each ion differ, providing a gradient which the ions move DOWN

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67

potassium (K+) ion concentration is greater....

INSIDE the cell (than outside)

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68

what is the result of the electrical potential in the cell?

negatively drawing K+ back into the cell
- the 'reversal'
- 2 forces of moving ions in/out of the cell until the concentration force pushing out is exactly balanced by the electrical force pulling in

<p>negatively drawing K+ back into the cell<br>- the 'reversal'<br>- 2 forces of moving ions in/out of the cell until the concentration force pushing out is exactly balanced by the electrical force pulling in</p>
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69

equilibrium potential (aka reversal potential)

the voltage at which an ion stops flowing down its concentration gradient

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70

what is the typical voltage for K+ concentrations in neurons?

-80 mV

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71

in normal conditions, do cells ever get more negative than -80 mV?

no, so K+ always flows out (>-80) or net flow will be equivalent (at -80mV)

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72

do action potentials affect the concentration gradient of a cell?

BARELY
- approx 2,000,000 K+ ions leave during an action potential, but there are 47,000,000,000 K+ ions inside the cell
- so, each action potential decreases K+ concentration by .004%,
- thus, the concentration gradient remains effectively unchanged

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73

what is the equilibrium potential voltage for sodium?

+55 mV

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74

describe natural flow of Na+ down its concentration gradient

- 15x more Na+ outside than inside
- flows INTO neuron until the cell is more positive than +55 mV, thus preventing influx

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75

describe natural flow of chloride (Cl-) down its concentration gradient

- there is ~7x more Cl- outside than in
- will flow INTO the cell until the cell is more negative than -60mV

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76

what is the equilibrium potential voltage for calcium?

+150 mV

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77

describe natural flow of calcium (Ca++) down its concentration gradient

there is >10,000x more outside than in
- it will ALWAYS flow INTO the cell

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78

EPSP

excitatory post synaptic potential

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79

what causes a EPSP?

action potential and neurotransmitter release from a excitatory presynaptic neuron

<p>action potential and neurotransmitter release from a excitatory presynaptic neuron</p>
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80

what causes a IPSP?

action potential and neurotransmitter release from an inhibitory neuron

<p>action potential and neurotransmitter release from an inhibitory neuron</p>
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81

receptor potential: Na+

enters cell, results in EPSP, depolarizing

- results from excitatory neurotransmitter binding (e.g., glutamate)

- also involved in positive phase of action potential

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82

receptor potential: Cl-

enters cell, results in IPSP, hyperpolarizing

- results from inhibitory neurotransmitter (e.g., GABA)

- influx keeps cell from reaching threshold for AP

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83

when do action potentials occur?

when the cell depolarized enough (to threshold level of -50mV at axon hillock)

<p>when the cell depolarized enough (to <strong>threshold</strong> level of -50mV at axon hillock)</p>
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84

do action potentials diminish?

no, regenerates at each point along the axon

<p>no, regenerates at each point along the axon</p>
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85

voltage-gated ion channels

channel in axon hillock / axon that open and close based on voltage, NOT neurotransmitter binding

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86

when do voltage-gated ion channels open?

when the membrane potential at the axon hillock reaches approximately -50 mV
- K+ and Na+ channels are activated at the same time and voltage (-50mV)

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87

mechanisms of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels VS voltage-gated K+ ion channels

- Na+: open rapidly and stay open for ~1ms before inactivating; they then de-inactivate after cell is more negative than -50mV

- K+: open more slowly and close more slowly; they do not inactivate, but slowly close when cell is more negative than -50mV

<p>- Na+: open rapidly and stay open for ~1ms before <strong>inactivating; </strong>they then <strong>de-inactivate</strong> after cell is more negative than -50mV </p><p>- K+: open more slowly and close more slowly; they do <strong>not inactivate</strong>, but slowly close when cell is more negative than -50mV</p>
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88

Nodes of Ranvier

the unmyelinated distance between the sets of voltage gated ion channels in myelinated axons

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89

Synaptosomal associated protein

knowt flashcard image
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90

sodium-potassium pump

maintains concentration gradient at resting potential

- slow process and is used for long-term balancing of ions (it is NOT used to bring the potential back to rest after an action potential)

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91

how do K+ and Na+ move in a potassium pump?

- K+ will be pumped IN

- Na+ will be pumped OUT

- used to keep ions’ concentration at appropriate levels, by moving 3 Na+ out for 2 K+ in

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92

steps in neurotransmitter utilization

1. synthesis
2. storage
3. release
4. binding
5. deactivation

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93

step 1: synthesis

neurotransmitter synthesized at axon terminal or in cell body and then transported to terminal

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94

step 3: release

vesicles fuse to axon terminal membrane and contents (~500-1000 NT molecules) diffuse into synaptic cleft (exocytosis)

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95

which of the five steps can drugs disrupt / alter?

all of them!

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96

vesicle availability

- ready and releasable pool, recycling pool, reserved pool

- only ready and releasable pool are actually released

- generation of AP doesn’t necessarily mean neurotransmitter will be released

- function: docking and priming

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97

vesicle docking / exocytosis

- 2 vesicle snares (v-snare) and 2 proteins target snares (t-snare)
- t-snares tangle with v-snares, so vesicle can be docked

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98

which is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter (ionotropic)?

GABA
- opens Cl- channels (IPSP)

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99

g-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic)

induce intracellular cascades that change the state or "tone" of the neuron and/or produce long-term changes in connectivity or functioning

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100

different g-protein coupled receptors & their different effects

- Gαs and Gαi/o excite and inhibit Adenylate Cyclase respectively
- Gαq/11 pathway excite phospholipase C

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