Intro to Nursing: Chapter 8- Leadership, Communication and Collaborations in Nursing

Implication of Systems to Nursing

Systems- Open: exchange (most are open)

• Closed: No exchange/interaction (very few)

• Subsystems

• Suprasystems

• Synergy: Subsystems working together

• Homeostasis: Internal Stability

• Human Needs

Subsystems

Hospital Management System

Systems and Nursing practice

Hospital systems

How can hospital systems impact nursing practice?

How can hospital systems impact patients?

How can nursing practice impact hospital systems?

How can patient impact hospital systems

Foundation of Nursing

Person, Health, Environment

Person

unique, adaptable

Open system with subsystems

Influenced by genetics and environment

Motivated by needs

Seeks homeostasis

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (correlates to Person)

Assumptions about Needs and Needs Vary

Top: Self-actualization: Max potential, peak experiences of using talents, skills, and abilities

• Esteem Needs: Self-worth, respect, and reliance

• Social Needs: Love and Belonging

• Safety Needs: Physical and psychological safety and security

Bottom: Physiological Needs: Most basic needs

Health

On a continuum

Dynamic

Holistic

Affected by heath beliefs and behaviors

What is Health?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Environment

Affects well-being

Physical (air, water, etc.)

Nonphysical (family, culture, social structures)

Environmental Systems

Family: Most direct influence on a person; Types, trends

• Cultural: Increase number of diverse groups; Ethnocentrism: Making judgements

• Social: Increased illness following social change; Support social networks

• Community, National and World: Impact of nurses, hospitals; National, global (e.g. Covid)

Health Continuum: Premature Death

Disability, Symptoms, Signs

Health Continuum: High-Level Wellness

Awareness, Education, Growth

Holism

inter-related

What does the holistic view of health focus on?

Focuses on interrelationship of all parts that make up the person

• Nursing embraces a holistic view of health

Jane Christian Smuts (1926)

Modern Western Model

• Harmony between people and nature

What is health affected by?

Health beliefs and health behaviors

Rosenstock (1966) Health Beliefs Model 3 Components

Vulnerability to a condition

How effective health maintenance

Trigger event

Example: Smoking

Bandura (1977) Self Efficacy

Cognitive Psychologist

Assist in Health-related behaviors

Self Efficacy: Leads to change

What are Bandura’s 4 Components needs for effective program of lifestyle change?

Information

Skill development

Skill enhancement through practice and feedback

Social support

The Influenced of the Internet and Health

Dr. Google: Not always the best source

Cyberchondria: Believe they have disease they read about online

Assessing Health Related Sites

Who sponsors the site

Be skeptical- evaluate the source to determine whether there is self-interest (ex: a drug company promoting a product)

Check author’s name and credentials

What is the purpose of the site

Last date of revision Editorial review

Unbiased

Nurses and Health Belief Models

Health is constantly changing

Health impacts the entire person

Individuals health beliefs are POWERFUL

Individuals desiring change may lack knowledge, motivation, sense of self efficacy and support

Knowledge does not always help

Change is often very slow

Burden of action is mutually shared by patient, HCP, and population focused entities

Nurses and Wellness

Social policy statement (ANA)

• Essence of profession

• Guides our social responsibilities

Code of Ethics for Nurses

Nurses and Values

Values

Evolve with Aging

What are some examples of Nursing Values

Cognitive: Intellectual, weigh alternatives

Prizing: Emotional, feeling good about a choice

Acting: Behavioral, affirm publicity and act on choice- mark of a real value when consistent

Nurses and Beliefs

Beliefs: Descriptive, Evaluative, Prescriptive

Nurses and Beliefs: Descriptive

Shown to be true or false

• “The sun will come up tomorrow morning”

Nurses and Beliefs: Evaluative

Judgement about good or bad

• “Advance live support for 90 year old is immoral”

Nurses and Beliefs: Prescriptive

Actions are judged by desirable or undesirable

• “Every voting citizen should vote in every election”

What best describes philosophy?

The study of principles underlying conduct, thought and nature of the universe.. Contemplate or wonder about something

What are the 6 characteristics in Philosophy in Nursing?

Aesthetics: Why do we find things beautiful?

Ethics: What is the nature of good and evil?

Politics: What makes good government?

Metaphysics: What is the meaning of life?

Logic: Study of proper and improper methods of reason, logical thinking

Epistemology: Theory of knowledge. What can be known? What is knowledge?