Sports Psych Complete Midterm

What is sports psyc?

Interdisciplinary scientific and applied field combining sport science with psychology

The areas of sports psychology are:

Cognitive, clinical, counselling, behavioural, social, developmental, and health.

What is The North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)?

Focuses on training specialist in motor learning and sports psyc

When was the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) first founded?

1967

What is the Canadian Society of Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology?

A society who’s main objective was improving the quality of research and teaching the sports psych, motor development, and learning/control

When was the Canadian Society of Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology first founded?

1977

What does sport psychology focus on?

1. What processes enable groups to thrive? (applied psyc)

2. Effects of sport and exercise on ppl/groups

The 3 Career Applications of Sport Psyc

Teaching, Research, Consulting

What do the consulting/interventions in SEP focus on?

1. Emotional: change negative emotions to positive

2. Cognitive: how do thoughts influence daily lives

3. Behavioural: how behaviours effect outcomes

1885-1920

Social facilitation study (Norman Triplet)

1921-1938

Griffith era, 1st lab, 25 articles, 2 books (Coleman Griffith)

1938-1965

Academic discipline of exercise, IILSP, International SP development

(Franklin Henry = motor learning)

(Ferrucio Antonelli = journals)

1966-1977

Applied sports psychology, NASPSPA, CSPLSP

1978-Present

AASP, JSEP, etc.

Ontology

The nature of reality, what can be known

Realism

External world exists out of human perception

Relativism

External world exists as mental constructs

Epistemology

Nature of knowledge, what is relation between knower and know?

Objectivist

Empirical evidence, objective observations, right or wrong

Constructivist

Active roles of ppl gaining knowledge through interactions

Subjectivist

Knowledge + truth is relative to cultural, historical, + individual

Methodology

What are ways of finding knowledge?

Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Independent Variable

Manipulated to produce change

Dependent Variable

Expected to change as a result of manipulation

Scale

Measured with pictures and diagrams

Analogue

Example of understandable structure

Theoretical

Composed of # of interrelated constructs

A theory

Specifies relationships across a number of scientific constructs and attempts to explain a phenomena

The 2 types of inquiry

1. Quantitative

2. Qualitative

Combining both = mixed method

Quantitative

Quantifies variables, emperical, facts (experiments, tests, surveys)

Qualitative

Associate meaning with data, interpretation, feelings (interviews)

Research Objective

Objectively analyze the relationship between performance + athletes

Research Paradigm

The framework a scientific displacing uses to reason, addresses 3 central questions (2 major)

Positive Psychology

An area of psychology concerned primarily with understanding the processes that enable people and groups to thrive.

Personality

Systematic variation in the way people think, feel, and behave

Trait

Relatively stable characteristic or quality that may represent a portion of one’s personality

States

Momentary feelings and thoughts that change depending on the CURRENT SITUATION

5 Personalities in Sport

1. Risk-Taking

2. Competiveness

3. Passion

4. Mental-Toughness

5. Perfectionism

Risk-Taking Personality

Risk-assesment, sensation seeking, alexithymia (inability to identify one’s emotions, describe feelings)

Competitiveness Personality

Goal orientation, win orientation

Harmonious Passion

Engaging in an activity as part of one’s personal identity and for the pleasure of the activity

Obsessive Passion

Rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage in activities because of external control or feelings of guilt (Not as healthy)

Mental-Toughness Personality

Self confidence/motivation, manage stress, maintain focus

Perfectionism Personality

Perfectionistic striving (high motivation to suceed and do well),

Perfectionistic concerns (excessive self-critisim and concerns over mistakes)

Self-Report Questionnaires

Big 5 indicator (OCEAN), Myers-Briggs type indicator

Behaviour Assessments

Methods observing and evaluating behaviours

Projective Tests

Rorsarch inkblock test (associating pictures with meaning)

Interviews

Can be structured or unstructured

Biological Measures

Brain or physiological images and assesments

Ex. Measuring HR and Cortisol levels

Online and Digital Data

Explore online usage

Ex. exploring social media posts, online behaviour)

BIG-5 (OCEAN)

1. Openness

2. Conscientiousness

3. Agreeableness

4. Extraversion

5. Neuroticism

How does Personality Develop?

1. Humanistic Psychology

2. Cognitive-Behavioural

3. Biological/Evolutionary

4. Interactionist Approach

5. Personality Traits

Humanistic Psychology

Focuses on personality, human growth, personal striving, and individual dignity

Self-actualization

Attempts to fulfill one’s potential

Cognitive-Behavioural

Individual’s thoughts, perceptions, and interpretations of experiences

Influenced by rewards and punishment

Social learning

People learn through self-experiences + actions

Biological/Evolutionary

Personality can be moderately heritable, suggesting an evolutionary bias

Interactionst Approach (Best way)

Personal/Situational factors impact behaviour predictively

Personality Traits

Meta-analyses: Summary of all studies done in the area are cross-examined

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Once basic needs have benn met, you can move up the pyramid

Carl Rogers

Humanist psychology who contributed massively to the field of personality study. He believed that there is a discrepancy between what is being experienced.

What is motivation?

An internal process, such as thoughts and emotions that give your behaviour energy and direction

It is why you do what you do

The 3 main approaches to help understand motivational change

1. Behavioural Approach

2. Cognitive Approach

3. Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches

Behavioural Approach

Motivation focus on conditioning or learning from the environment

Ex. operant conditioning, vicarious conditioning, operant strategies

Cognitive Approach

Emphasis on role of thought patterns + cognitive habitats as determinants of behaviour. (Directly contradict behavioural approach)

Teaches rational thoughts, logic, and reasoning

Cognitive-Behavioural Approach

Understand motivational behaviours based on cognitive and behavioural influences

What is motivation influenced by?

Perceptions of personal risk, outcome expectations, and ones efficacy to make change

Intention-Behaviour Gap

people do not always do what they intend to do

Action Plans

Designed to foster commitment by specifing when, where, and how to implement intended behaviour

Ex.

“I will go to the gym every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 4 PM after class to complete my strength workout.”

Coping Plans

Barrier-focused, self-regulation strategies to help anticipate difficulties that might derail physical activity

Ex.

“If I feel too tired after class and want to skip the gym, I will remind myself of how good I feel after workouts and do a shorter 30-minute session instead.”

Problem-Focused Coping Plan

Changes the situation = task oriented

Emotion-Focused Coping Plan

Change the interpretation = distraction oriented

Avoidance Coping Plan

Remove themselves from the situation = disengagement oriented

Effectiveness

Perceived coping effectiveness, Achievement outcomes, Physical outcomes, Emotional otucomes

Primary Cognitive Appraisal

What is at stake for a person

Secondary Cognitive Appraisal

What can be done in a stiuation

Attributes to cognitive appraisal

Harm → damage is done

Threat → damage is at stake

Challenge → damage can be overcome

Transtheoretical Model

How individuals initiate and maintain regular physical activity

Focuses a lot on intention-behaviour continuum

Transtheoretical Model: Precontemplation

Consider no change at all

First stage

Transtheoretical Model: Contemplation

Starting to consider a change

Second Stage

Transtheoretical Model: Preperation

Taking small steps to make a change

Intend to change

Third Stage

Transtheoretical Model: Action

~6 months of creating active change

4th stage

Transtheoretical Model: Maintenance

Past the 6 months of active change

No struggles to live this lifestyle

5th and final stage

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

A theory that highlights personal and social factors influencing behaviour

The 3 determinants of the theory of planned behaviour 

1. Attitude: how + or - you feel about performing a behaviour

2. Subjective Norms: social pressures, significant others (family/friends)

3. Perceived behavioural control: personal and environmental barriers (controlled beliefs)

What is the Social Cognitive Thoery?

A theory that describes the factors that influence behaviours

Believes that individuals engage in their own development

Ways to change Self-Efficacy

1. Mastery Experience: Building confidence through personal success or past accomplishments

2. Vicarious Experience: Gaining confidence by observing others succeed (modeling).

3. Self Persuasion: Boosting confidence through positive self-talk and encouragement.

4. Physiological and Affective States: Interpreting physical and emotional reactions (like nerves or excitement) as signs of readiness or weakness.

Self-Determination Theory

Global theory of human motivation and development that has evolved from pioneering work

Organismic Integration Theory

Behaviour is motivated by extrinsic behaviours

Casuality Orientation Theory

Personality level constructs

Basic Psychological Needs Theory

Experienced universally, acquired to thrive

Cognitive Explanation Theory

Identifies the importance of competence and autonomy

Intention

Person’s readiness to perform a behaviour

Attitude

Positive or negative evaluations of behaviour

Stress

Caused by external trigger, shorter time

Anxiety

More internalized, longer lasting time periods

Stressors

External events, forces and situations

Acute Stressor

Stressors that occur within a short period of time, with a sudden onset

Chronic Stressors

Stressors that occur over a long period of time

Expected Stressors

Stressors that an athlete plans or prepares for