cognition

Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve novel problems and adapt to new situations.

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and skills gained through experience and education.

Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

The ability to understand, manage, and utilize emotions effectively.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that intelligence and abilities are static.

Growth Mindset

Belief that intelligence can develop with effort and learning.

Flynn Effect

The observed rise in average IQ scores over time due to improvements in education, nutrition, and environmental factors.

Schemas

Mental frameworks or concepts that help organize and interpret information.

Prototypes

The best example or representation of a concept or category.

Algorithms

Step-by-step procedures for solving problems that guarantee a correct solution.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making but may lead to errors.

Sunk Cost Fallacy

Continuing with a decision based on previously invested resources, even when it’s irrational to do so.

Framing Effect

The way information is presented affects decisions and judgments.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek out information that supports pre-existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Standardization

Ensuring a test is administered and scored consistently to establish norms.

Reliability

The consistency of a test over time and across different administrations.

Construct Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Achievement Tests

Assessments that measure knowledge and skills gained through instruction.

Aptitude Tests

Tests designed to predict future performance or potential in a specific area.

Schemas

Mental frameworks or organized patterns of thought that help interpret and organize information.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory where information is briefly held through the senses.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A limited-capacity memory store where information is held for a short period.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.

Hippocampus

A brain structure crucial for the formation of new memories.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, believed to be crucial for memory formation.

Elaborative Rehearsal

A memory technique involving processing information deeply by relating it to existing knowledge.

Chunking

Grouping individual pieces of information into larger units to improve memory.

Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences and events, including the time and place they occurred.

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid and detailed memory of a significant or emotionally charged event.

Serial Position Effect

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.

Priming

The activation of existing knowledge or associations in memory by a stimulus.

Decay

The fading or weakening of memory traces over time.

Interference

The disruption of memory by other information.

Motivated Forgetting

The intentional or unintentional suppression of memories that are unpleasant or threatening.

Alzheimer's Disease

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes memory loss and cognitive decline.

Misinformation Effect

The incorporation of misleading information into memory after an event.

Source Amnesia

The inability to remember where or how information was learned.