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AAC&U
addresses diversity, global engagement, and social responsibility as compelling educational and institutional priorities that help students and campuses engage the social, civic, and economic challenges of a diverse and unequal world, responsibility as global citizens
polio
eliminated in all but a few countries
small pox
first disease to be eradicated
key element of global health
understanding the benefits and key concepts of this progress, overcoming challenges culturally, economically, and structurally
HIV infections
been reduced globally by 40% since the peak in 1998
23%
since 2010, new HIV infections have declined by __ from 2.1 million to 1.7 million in 2019
AIDS-related mortality
has declined by 39% since 2010
having large numbers of undernourished, unhealthy, and ill-educated people
in any country, what is destabilizing and is a health, economic, and security threat to all countries?
WHO definition 1946
health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
absence of any disease or impairment
first definition of health that seems to be possible and is used, Sartorius, 2006
health is a state that allows the individual to adequately cope with all demands of daily life
the second definition of health that seems to be possible and is used, implies the absence of disease and impairment, Sartorius, 2006
health is a state of balance, an equilibrium that an individual has established within himself and between himself and his social and physical environment
the third definition of health that seems to be possible and is used, Sartorius, 2006
the ability to adapt and to self-manage
Huber et al’s 2011 new definition of health which includes the ability of people to adapt to their situation as key to health
public health (CDC)
the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities
benjamin franklin
who said “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”
global health
an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
income and social status, education, physical environment, social support networks, genetics, health services, gender/sex
determinants of health (WHO)
environmental health, nutrition, women’s health, child health, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, injuries
key issues in global health
$995 or less
low-income
$996 to $3,895
lower middle-income
$3,895 to $12,055
upper middle-income
$12,055 or above
high-income
6,881,955
deaths during the pandemic through march 2023
13,338,833,193
vaccines administered during the pandemic through march 2023
sustainable development goals
in 2017, the UN launched the 17 __
7,058,381
deaths during the pandemic through august 2024
13.64 billion
vaccines administered during the pandemic through august 2024
103 million
total cases of covid in the us
1.2 million
total deaths from covid in the us
676,728,782
covid vaccine doses administered in the us
1.1%
us case fatality ratio from covid
bill gates
“if anything kills over 10 million people in the next few decades, it’s likely to be a highly infectious virus rather than a war.” “Not missiles, but microbes”
david quaamen
author of Emerging Diseases: A Global View
coronavirus disease 2019
an infectious disease caused by SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
sars-CoV-2
Asia, February 2003
where and when was the first reported case of the emerging infectious disease sars?
crown
what does corona mean?
2.2-2.7
initial r naught value estimate for covid-19, but some indicated Wuhan levels higher and subsequent variants higher as well
95%
pfizer (USA) __ initial effectives
94%
moderna (USA) __ initial effectives
70%
astrazenecca (UK) __ initial effective
first identified in december 2019 in Wuhan, China
origin of covid-19
11 million
population of Wuhan, 9th most populated city in China
zoonotic
covid-19 is possibly a __ virus which spilled over from animals in late 2019
ebola, HIV, flu
other zoonotic diseases include…
wet markets
possibly played a role in the spread of covid in Wuhan
2-14 days
covid symptoms may appear __ after exposure to the virus
saliva, respiratory secretions or secretion droplets
covid spreads through direct or indirect objects, or close contact with infected people via mouth and nose secretions. these include…
closed settings
reported outbreaks of covid have happened in __ such as restaurants, nightclubs, places of worship or places of work where people may be shouting, talking, or singing
comorbidity
most people who die of covid have at least one __, like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cvd
89%
according to march 2020 data from the US, __ of those hospitalized had preexisting conditions
acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARDS
recession
the pandemic caused the largest global __ in history
3.5% to 14.7%
early in the pandemic, the unemployment rate increased from __ in february to __ in april, representing a decline of more than 25 million people employed, plus another 8 million persons that exited the labor force
donald trump
downplayed the virus, “it’s a hoax.” “it’s going to disappear,” later hospitalized
infectious diseases, mental health issues, water and sanitation crises, unfit for consumption, shortages
war can lead to public health crises like
good ethical outcomes and human rights
there is a strong relationship between
highly stigmatized diseases or highly stigmatized groups of people
failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health including…
ebola, leprosy, HIV, LGBTQ+ individuals
stigmatized diseases and groups of people include
the declaration of human rights (UN, 1948), the international covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR), and the international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights (ICESCR)
the international bill of human rights is made up of
everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family
article 25
ICCPR
discusses rights of equality, liberty, and security, and freedom of movement, religion, expression, and association
ICESCR
focuses on the well being of individuals, including their right to work in safe conditions, receive fair wages, be free from hunger, get an education, and enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
accountability
lack of __ for maintaining rights
the human rights approach
this approach builds upon the insight that the fulfillment of people’s human rights is conducive to their health, and violation of rights tend to be detrimental
health and human
__ and _ rights are therefore inextricably linked, the importance of the social determinants of health, including relative social status, discrimination, and social exclusion, suggests that the fulfillment of civil and political rights may have an important relationship with population health
assess
first step to applying the human rights approach, __ health policies, programs, and practices in terms of their impact on human rights
analyze and address
second step to applying the human rights approach, __ the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health
prioritize
third step to applying the human rights approach, __ the fulfillment of human rights
circumstances
limits to human rights, __ in which someone’s rights may be suspended; for example, outbreak of an emerging or a reemerging disease
suspension of rights
limits to human rights, __ should be as narrow as possible
due process
limits to human rights, suspension should be carried out with __ and monitored
the need for the IRB process, vulnerable populations, ensuring equity to low income cultures
ethical issues in research