Global Health Exam 1

AAC&U

addresses diversity, global engagement, and social responsibility as compelling educational and institutional priorities that help students and campuses engage the social, civic, and economic challenges of a diverse and unequal world, responsibility as global citizens

polio

eliminated in all but a few countries

small pox

first disease to be eradicated

key element of global health

understanding the benefits and key concepts of this progress, overcoming challenges culturally, economically, and structurally

HIV infections

been reduced globally by 40% since the peak in 1998

23%

since 2010, new HIV infections have declined by __ from 2.1 million to 1.7 million in 2019

AIDS-related mortality

has declined by 39% since 2010

having large numbers of undernourished, unhealthy, and ill-educated people

in any country, what is destabilizing and is a health, economic, and security threat to all countries?

WHO definition 1946

health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

absence of any disease or impairment

first definition of health that seems to be possible and is used, Sartorius, 2006

health is a state that allows the individual to adequately cope with all demands of daily life

the second definition of health that seems to be possible and is used, implies the absence of disease and impairment, Sartorius, 2006

health is a state of balance, an equilibrium that an individual has established within himself and between himself and his social and physical environment

the third definition of health that seems to be possible and is used, Sartorius, 2006

the ability to adapt and to self-manage

Huber et al’s 2011 new definition of health which includes the ability of people to adapt to their situation as key to health

public health (CDC)

the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities

benjamin franklin

who said “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”

global health

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

income and social status, education, physical environment, social support networks, genetics, health services, gender/sex

determinants of health (WHO)

environmental health, nutrition, women’s health, child health, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, injuries

key issues in global health

$995 or less

low-income

$996 to $3,895

lower middle-income

$3,895 to $12,055

upper middle-income

$12,055 or above

high-income

6,881,955

deaths during the pandemic through march 2023

13,338,833,193

vaccines administered during the pandemic through march 2023

sustainable development goals

in 2017, the UN launched the 17 __

7,058,381

deaths during the pandemic through august 2024

13.64 billion

vaccines administered during the pandemic through august 2024

103 million

total cases of covid in the us

1.2 million

total deaths from covid in the us

676,728,782

covid vaccine doses administered in the us

1.1%

us case fatality ratio from covid

bill gates

“if anything kills over 10 million people in the next few decades, it’s likely to be a highly infectious virus rather than a war.” “Not missiles, but microbes”

david quaamen

author of Emerging Diseases: A Global View

coronavirus disease 2019

an infectious disease caused by SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome

sars-CoV-2

Asia, February 2003

where and when was the first reported case of the emerging infectious disease sars?

crown

what does corona mean?

2.2-2.7

initial r naught value estimate for covid-19, but some indicated Wuhan levels higher and subsequent variants higher as well

95%

pfizer (USA) __ initial effectives

94%

moderna (USA) __ initial effectives

70%

astrazenecca (UK) __ initial effective

first identified in december 2019 in Wuhan, China

origin of covid-19

11 million

population of Wuhan, 9th most populated city in China

zoonotic

covid-19 is possibly a __ virus which spilled over from animals in late 2019

ebola, HIV, flu

other zoonotic diseases include…

wet markets

possibly played a role in the spread of covid in Wuhan

2-14 days

covid symptoms may appear __ after exposure to the virus

saliva, respiratory secretions or secretion droplets

covid spreads through direct or indirect objects, or close contact with infected people via mouth and nose secretions. these include…

closed settings

reported outbreaks of covid have happened in __ such as restaurants, nightclubs, places of worship or places of work where people may be shouting, talking, or singing

comorbidity

most people who die of covid have at least one __, like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cvd

89%

according to march 2020 data from the US, __ of those hospitalized had preexisting conditions

acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARDS

recession

the pandemic caused the largest global __ in history

3.5% to 14.7%

early in the pandemic, the unemployment rate increased from __ in february to __ in april, representing a decline of more than 25 million people employed, plus another 8 million persons that exited the labor force

donald trump

downplayed the virus, “it’s a hoax.” “it’s going to disappear,” later hospitalized

infectious diseases, mental health issues, water and sanitation crises, unfit for consumption, shortages

war can lead to public health crises like

good ethical outcomes and human rights

there is a strong relationship between

highly stigmatized diseases or highly stigmatized groups of people

failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health including…

ebola, leprosy, HIV, LGBTQ+ individuals

stigmatized diseases and groups of people include

the declaration of human rights (UN, 1948), the international covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR), and the international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights (ICESCR)

the international bill of human rights is made up of

everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family

article 25

ICCPR

discusses rights of equality, liberty, and security, and freedom of movement, religion, expression, and association

ICESCR

focuses on the well being of individuals, including their right to work in safe conditions, receive fair wages, be free from hunger, get an education, and enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health

accountability

lack of __ for maintaining rights

the human rights approach

this approach builds upon the insight that the fulfillment of people’s human rights is conducive to their health, and violation of rights tend to be detrimental

health and human

__ and _ rights are therefore inextricably linked, the importance of the social determinants of health, including relative social status, discrimination, and social exclusion, suggests that the fulfillment of civil and political rights may have an important relationship with population health

assess

first step to applying the human rights approach, __ health policies, programs, and practices in terms of their impact on human rights

analyze and address

second step to applying the human rights approach, __ the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health

prioritize

third step to applying the human rights approach, __ the fulfillment of human rights

circumstances

limits to human rights, __ in which someone’s rights may be suspended; for example, outbreak of an emerging or a reemerging disease

suspension of rights

limits to human rights, __ should be as narrow as possible

due process

limits to human rights, suspension should be carried out with __ and monitored

the need for the IRB process, vulnerable populations, ensuring equity to low income cultures

ethical issues in research