Biology 1101 Midterm 1 (Chapters 1-10)

What is the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species?

Taxonomy

In the hierarchical classification system of biology, which group is between class and family?

Order

Eukaryotic cells are cells which lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

False (these are Prokaryotic cells)

Evolution is defined as a change in ---- a population over time.

Allele frequencies

Organisms in the Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic, digest their food externally, and are all multicellular

False

Which type of reasoning involves beginning with a universal premise and then making a more particular statement based on that premise?

Deductive reasoning

Which statement best describes the refutability criterion?

In order to be scientific, a hypothesis must be falsifiable

Who was the 16th century scientist who conducted the first controlled experiment?

Francis Bacon

A placebo is used in the --- group of an experiment.

Control

A scientist is interested in testing whether a particular food preservative is linked to colon cancer. She tests this hypothesis on two groups of rats, one given food containing the preservative and the other given food without the preservative. After four months, she autopsies the rats and records the number of cancerous polyps in each rat's colon. What is the dependent variable in the study?

Number of cancerous polyps present

An experiment where neither the researchers nor the participants in the study know who is receiving the experimental treatment and who is receiving the placebo is called a ---- study.

Double-blind

--- atoms with a charge.

Ions

The -- number of an element is the number of photons in the nucleus of an atom of that element.

Atomic

How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?

2

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8; how many covalent bonds can it form?

2 covalent bonds

Which subatomic particle is not found in the nucleus of an atom?

Electron

Why is water such a good solvent?

Because water is a polar molecule

Warm water occupies more space than cool water.

True

A pH over 7 is said to be acidic.

False

Imagine you are a scientist attempting to determine the age of a fossilized fish. You are using carbon dating to determine the age of the fossil and you find that the C-14 to C-12 ratio of the fossil is 1/8th that of the environment. Given that the half-life of C-14 is 5,700 years, how old is the fossil?

17,100 years old

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules composed of only carbon and oxygen.

False

Atoms or groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton which directly participate in chemical reactions are called?

Functional groups

The chemical formula for glucose is?

C6H12O6

Bonds between monomers in a polymer can be broken by which type of reaction?

Hydrolysis

Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different chemical structures (like glucose and fructose) are called?

Isomers

Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?

Fructose

Lipids include fats, oils, and steroid hormones, and they are hydrophobic.

True

Saturated fats have carbon-hydrogen tails with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, making the tails kink/bend, which results in the fat being liquid at room temperature.

False

Which level of protein structure is not found in all proteins?

Quaternary

Proteins are polymers of which monomer?

Amino acids

A nucleic acid sequence reads: ACGAACCUGCUU. Is it a DNA or an RNA strand?

RNA strand

Which scientist was the first to observe cells under a light microscope, and coined the term "cell"?

Robert Hooke

Your roommate is attempting to build his own light microscope, and by stacking a 50x lens with a 100x lens, he creates one with a magnification level of 5000x. He is disappointed when he places a slide of skin cells under his microscope and sees nothing but a blur. What would you tell him is wrong with his microscope?

Due to limitations of resolving power in light microscopes, you cannot create magnification levels greater than 1000x. He needs to reduce the magnification level.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

They do not contain ribosomes

Phospholipids, which are found in plasma membranes, have hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic lipid tails.

False

Genes carry the instructions for building proteins, but the process involves two key stages: transcription and translation. In which stage is mRNA produced?

Transcription

The ovaries produce the steroid hormone estrogen, and so you would expect cells in the ovaries to be especially rich in which organelle?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A scientist develops an herbicide that kills weeds by attacking the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplasts. Why would that be an effective target for killing plant cells?

Because the thylakoids contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis; the plant wouldn't be able to convert sunlight to chemical energy

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes and is responsible for providing a safe place to carry out digestion?

Lysosome

Why are cell walls a good target for antibotics?

Because animal cells don't contain cell walls; therefore, the antibiotic would kill bacterial cells without damaging the person's own cell walls

Why can plant cells withstand being in a hypotonic solution, but not animal cells?

Because plant cells have cell walls and animal cells don't

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of diffusion?

Movement of molecule from where it is in low concentration to where it is in high concentration & movement of a solute from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution

Which of the following describes the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted into a different form

Which of the following is NOT a way cellular respiration is similar to burning octane from gasoline?

They both produce ATP

Which of the following is the unit of measure for the energy content of food?

Calorie

The region on an enzyme where substrates bind is called the?

Active site

Enzymes help lower the -- required for a chemical reaction.

Activation energy

Enzyme inhibitors are used in normal feedback regulation, blocking production of a substance once the body has enough of it, and the activity of enzyme inhibitors is permanent (i.e., once an enzyme is turned off, it cannot be turned back on again).

False

Which organelle is responsible for carrying out two out of three steps of cellular respiration?

Mitochondrion

What is missing in this reaction for cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 32 ATP

6CO2s should be included in the products

Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of -- from one substance to another.

Electrons

In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

True

Approximately how many ATPs, per glucose, are produced in the overall process of cellular respiration?

32 ATP

Which of the following is the molecule that carries electrons to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

NADH

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytosol of the cell

During glycolysis, -- ATPs are used during the energy investment phase, and -- ATPs are produced during the energy harvesting phase, resulting in a net production of -- ATPs in glycolysis.

2,4,2

The location within mitochondria where the electron transport chain proteins are embedded is the..

Cristae

The protein complexes of the electron transport chain pump what molecule across the membrane to generate a concentration gradient?

Hydrogen protons

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

electron transport chain reactions

When your muscle cells are very active and temporarily deprived of oxygen, they can switch to which type of metabolism?

Lactic Acid Fermentation

If a glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic movement to an anaerobic environment, how much glucose must it consume to make the same amount of ATP?

16x

The parts of a chloroplast that is/are green due to the presence of chlorophyll is/are:

Thylakoid membranes only

The wavelength of visible light determines the —- of the light.

Color

Which color of light would be least able to use for photosynthesis?

Green

A stack of thylakoids within a chloroplast is called a..

Granum

Which of the following is a step of photosynthesis that creates oxygen as a by-product?

Light reactions

During which stage of photosynthesis is NADPH produced?

Light reactions

Which of the following is a step of photosynthesis that creates sugar?

Calvin cycle

Long lived plants like trees may be useful in moderating global warming because they reduce levels of —- in the atmosphere, which is a —- gas.

Carbon dioxide; greenhouse

In photosynthesis, the carbon to build sugars comes from what source?

Carbon dioxide in the air

If a diploid cell dived to produce two genetically identical, diploid cells, which process has it undergone?

Mitosis

During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane begins to break down:

Prophase

A mutation in which the chromosomes fail to properly separate, resulting in an individual with too many or too few copies of a chromosome is called a translocation, and Down's Syndrome is an example of a translocation.

False

Cells spend approximately 90% of the cell cycle in this stage:

Interphase

What is the term for the splitting of the cytoplasm into two new cells?

Cytokinesis

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

During meiosis, the sister chromatids of the double-stranded chromosomes are separated during anaphase 1.

False

During —- , pieces of homologous chromosomes break off and recombine with each other; this process occurs during ——.

Crossing over; prophase 1

In animal cells, the process by which haploid gametes are produced is meiosis.

True

The term of the entire set of an organisms genes is...

Genome

Haploid cells have one copy of every chromosome, whereas diploid cells have two copies of every chromosome.

True

Polygenic inheritance occurs:

When a trait is controlled by more than one gene

An example of pleiotropy is sickle cell anemia, in which both sickle cell disease and malaria resistance are controlled by the same gene.

True

The entire set of an organism's genes is called its:

Genome

Who was the researcher who first discovered patterns of inheritance using experiments with pea plants?

Gregor Mendel

The major benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is the generation of genetic diversity.

True

Assume complete dominance, where P= purple flowers and p= white flowers, and Y= yellow seeds and y= green seeds. If you cross a PpYy plant with a PpYy, 9 out of 16 of the offspring will express the dominant flower color and the recessive seed color.

False

How many types (genotypes) of gametes can a BBTT flower make, with respect to flower color and plant height?

1

If you cross a BbTt flower with a BBTt flower, what percentage of the offspring should be short with blue flowers?

25%

If you have a white flower and want to breed it with another flower to obtain ONLY blue flowers, what genotype(s) must the mate have?

BB

If you cross two pink snapdragon flowers, what percentage of their offspring will have white flowers?

25%

If you cross a white snapdragon with a pink snapdragon, what percentage of their offspring will have pink flowers?

50%

If Mom is a carrier of the color-blindness trait, and Dad has color-blindness, what are the chances that their male child will have color-blindness?

50%

If Mom is a carrier of the color-blindness trait, and Dad has normal color vision, what are the chances that their male child will have color-blindness?

50%

Who was the first to publish an accurate description of the DNA molecule?

James Watson & Francis Crick

Which scientist used x-ray crystallography to create images of the DNA molecule, which contributed greatly to the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

During the process of protein synthesis, a sequence of three bases on an mRNA molecule, called a codon, is read by a --- molecule; this molecule attaches to the mRNA codon with its anticodon and add /an --- to the growing polypeptide chain.

tRNA; amino acid

The process of making mRNA using the information on DNA is called:

Transcription

Using the table above, translate the following RNA molecule:

AUGACUAAUUUC

Start, Threonine, Asparagine, Phenylalanine

During DNA replication, which type of mutation is most likely to cause a reading frame shift?

Both deletions and insertions