APUSH: Westward Expansion, Native American Policies, and Conservation
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20 Terms
What does the closing of the frontier mean?
In 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau declared that there was no longer a clear frontier line, meaning most western land had been settled.
Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?
A historian who argued that the frontier shaped American democracy and character.
What was Turner's Frontier Thesis?
Turner argued that the frontier created American individualism, democracy, and innovation by forcing settlers to adapt and rely on themselves.
What was the impact of westward expansion on American Indians?
Native Americans were forcibly removed from their lands, placed on reservations, and pressured to abandon their culture.
What was the Battle of Little Bighorn?
A battle in which Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeated General George Custer and his troops.
What was the Ghost Dance Movement?
A religious movement promising the return of buffalo and the removal of white settlers.
Who were assimilationists?
Reformers who believed Native Americans should adopt white American culture.
Who was Helen Hunt Jackson?
A reformer who exposed mistreatment of Native Americans in her book A Century of Dishonor.
What was the Dawes Act?
A law that broke up tribal lands into individual family plots.
What was the Indian Reorganization Act?
A law that reversed the Dawes Act and restored tribal self-government.
What was the Santa Fe Trail?
A major trade route connecting Missouri to New Mexico.
What is deforestation?
The large-scale cutting down of forests.
Why is Yosemite important?
One of the first protected natural areas.
Why is Yellowstone important?
America's first national park (1872).
What was the Forest Reserve Act?
A law allowing the president to set aside forest lands.
What was the Forest Management Act?
A law that established rules for managing forest reserves.
Who were conservationists?
People who believed natural resources should be used responsibly.
Who were preservationists?
People who believed nature should be protected from development.
Who was John Muir?
A preservationist who advocated for protecting wilderness.
What is the Sierra Club?
An environmental organization founded by John Muir.