Families and Households

Parsons (DDL)

Instrumental and expressive role

Bott (DDL)

Conjugal roles: segregated and joint

Wilmott and Young (DDL)

Symmetrical family

Oakley (DDL) CRIT

Wilmott and Young exaggerated.15% of men helped with housework.25% of men helped with childcare

Bolton (DDL)

Less than 20% of men had a major role in Childcare, it was almost always the mother

Warde and Hetherington (DDL)

Sex-typing.Wives were 30x more likely to be the last ones to do the washing

Gershuny - MOP (Couples becoming equal)

Women are working full-time,which led to more equal DDL

BSA 2012 (Couples becoming equal)

Men on average did 8 hours of housework a week.Women on average did 13 hours of housework a week.Men on average did 10 hours of childcare a week.Women on average did 23 hours of childcare a week

Ferri and Smith (Couples becoming equal)

'Dual Burden' = paid work and domestic work.Less than 4% of Fathers took responsibility

Duncombe and Marsden (Couples becoming equal)

'Triple-shift' = paid work, domestic work and emotion work

Southerton (Couples becoming equal)

Women are responsible for coordinating, scheduling and managing 'quality time'

Crompton and Lyonette (Couples becoming equal).

Talks about material and cultural explanation.Material explanation - women earn money now and so couples become equal in terms of the woman to having to rely on the man for money and so might also afford products to help with childcare and domestic labour.Cultural explanation - is division of labour is determined by patriarchal norms and values that shape gender role

Gershuny (Couples becoming equal) - CULTURAL EXPLANATION

Couples whose parents had an equal relationship are more likely to share housework

Dunne (Couples becoming equal) - CULTURAL EXPLANATION

Lesbian couples had more equal relationships because of absence of gender scripts

BSA (Couples becoming equal) - CULTURAL EXPLANATION

47% of over 75s disagreed with traditional gender roles

Man Yee Kan (Couples becoming equal) - MATERIAL EXPLANATION

For every £10,000 a woman earns she does 2 hours less housework

Arber and Ginn (Couples becoming equal) - MATERIAL EXPLANATION

MC women could afford products that help with domestic labour

Vogler et al (Resource and decision-making)

Cohabiting couples are less likely to pool money from the desire of independence

Pahl (Resource and decision-making)

Just pooling money doesn't mean equality. You need to find out who controls pooled money and the contribution they make.

Edgell (Resource and decision-making)

Very important decisions are made by husbands or jointly.Important decisions are made jointly or by the wife.Less important decisions are made by the wife

Pahl and Vogler (Resource and decision-making)

There are 2 main types of control over money: Allowance system, Pooling

Kempson (Resource and decision-making)

Low income females denied their own needs , ate smaller portions to make ends meet

Barrett and Mclntosh (Resource and decision-making)

Men gain more from women's domestic labour than they give back. Argues there are 'strings attached'

Weeks (Resource and decision-making)

Pooling money is used for household spending. Separate accounts are used for personal spending.

Smart (Resource and decision-making)

Gay and lesbian couples attached no importance to who controls the money. There is more freedom. Argues this is because there is no 'heterosexual baggage' in homosexual relationships

Crime Survey for England and Wales 2020 (DV and Abuse)

13.8% of men experienced domestic violence since the age of 16

Black (DV and Abuse)

1 in 7 men are assaulted

Wilkinson and Pickett (DV and Abuse)

They see DV as a result of the stress of family members because of inequality. Low income and overcrowding in households experience high levels of stress. This reduces chance of a stable relationship and increases the risk of conflict.

Coleman (DV and Abuse)

Women are more likely to experience 'intimate violence' across all 4 types of abuse (family abuse, partner abuse, sexual abuse and stalking)

Coleman and Osborne (DV and Abuse)

2 women a week are killed by their partner or ex partner

Dobash and Dobash (DV and Abuse)

Did research in Scotland using police records, court records and interviews in women's refuges. Found that women were often slapped, beaten and raped. It was often set off by a challenge to a man's authority. Argues that marriage ultimately legitimates domestic violence

Ansley (DV and Abuse)

DV is a product of capitalism. Male workers are exploited at work and so they take out their frustration on their wives. (Punchbag theory)

Dar (DV and Abuse)

It is difficult to count separate DV, because abuse may be continuous or the victim lost court of the instances

Yearnshire(DV and Abuse)

Women suffer on average 35 assaults before making a report

Millett and Firestone (DV and Abuse)

Society is based on patriarchy and so men are the exploiters. Thinking the family men dominate with domestic violence of the threat of it. DV preservers men's power. Male domination of state institutions explains the lack of prosecution and record of domestic violence.

Elliot (DV and Abuse)

Not all men are oppressors and aggressive, most are actually opposed to domestic violence

Pilcher (Childhood)

Separateness and Golden age

Wag (AO3 Of Pilcher) (Childhood)

Idea of childhood as a separate stage in life is linked to a specific age and is not present in all societies. ‘Childhood is a social construct’

Aries (Childhood)

10-13th C = children seen as mii adults and economic assets

13-18th C = public schools for rich and churches for poor

18-19th C = industrialisation, child labour ‘Children to be seen and not heard’

20th C = child-centredness, ‘Cult of childhood’

Shorter (Childhood)

The high death rate in Middle Agesâ meant that children were often neglected and were often called ‘it’ or after their dead singlings

Pollock (Crit of Aries) (Childhood)

In Middle Ages, it’s not that childhood did not exist there was just a different notion of childhood

Benedict (Childhood)

There are 3 distinct differences between children’s in modernised western industrial societies and non-industrial societies:

1. Earlier Responsibility

2. Less Obedience to Authority

3. Sexual Behaviour

Holmes - Earlier Responsibility (Childhood)

Studied Samoan villages and ‘too young’ was never a reason for a child not to do something

Firth - Less Obedience to Authority (Childhood)

Studied the Tikopia of the West Pacific and said that obedience was a concession granted by the child, and was not an expectation

Malinowski - Sexual Behaviour (Childhood)

Adults took an attitude of ‘tolerance and amusement’ towards children’s sexual explorations

Giddens (Childhood)

Democratic Parenting

Postman (Childhood)

‘Childhood is disappearing at a dazzling speed’. There is a decrease in print culture and an increase in TV culture. During the Middle Ages people were illiterate and the only requirement was speech. Now there is an increase is speech which led to the creation of a speech hierarchy, which meant the print world allowed for division. TVs are easily accessed , which blurred the division lines between children and adults

Opie and Opie (Crit of Postaman) (Childhood)

Childhood isn’t disappearing, there is still a separate culture of childhood with the existence of: unsupervised games, songs and rhymes

Jenks (PM) (Childhood)

Childhood is changing. Postmodern adult relationships have become more unstable as divorce is common which creates a sense of insecurity. Therefore, relationships with children become more important and parents become more fearful of their child’s safety

De Mause (Yes) (Childhood)

The History of Childhood is a nightmare we’ve only recently began waking up from

Aries and Shorter (Yes) (Childhood)

Childhood has improved. Today’s children are valued, educated and better cared for. There are laws around child abuse and child labour. Better healthcare meant that there are more chances for survival. In 1900 IMR was 154/1000, Now 4/1000

Palmer (Crit) Childhood

Toxic Childhood. Rapid technological and cultural change has damaged children. ‘Electronic babysitters’

Hillman (No) (Childhood)

Boys are more likely to cross roads and allowed to go out at night than girls

Brannen (No) (Childhood)

Did a study of 15-16 year olds and said that Asian parents are stricter on girls

Firestone and Holt (No) (Childhood)

What seems to be protections is actually oppression. Adults have control over children’s bodies and how they dress

Murdock (Theories of the family)

4 functions of the family:

1. Satisfaction of the Sex drive

2. Reproduction

3. Socialisation

4. Economic

Parsons (Theories of the family)

Functional Fit theory Explains how the functions f the family are dependant on the society you’re in.

In Pre-industrial society the most common type of family was the extended family. The family lived all together with different generations, and it was a unit of production and consumption. It had the 4 basic functions of the family. As society changed and became more industrialised, it enabled geographical and social mobility. As a result families moved away from their extended families in more urban areas. In industrial society there is the nuclear family , which was a unit of consumption only with 2 roles: Socialisation and Stabilisation of Adult personalities.

Laslett (Crit) (Theories of the family)

Study of household from 1560-1820s and said that the most common type of family was the nuclear family. Also found a combination of late child bearing and short life expectancy with grandparents unlikely to live long after the birth of the first grandchild

Engels (Theories of the family)

Inheritance of Private Property.

before the current society we live in there was the primitive society, (Marx’s prominiscuous horde) where there was no private property and the community shared everything. However, with the rise of capitalism this led to the bourgeoisie owning private property and had to prevent this from being shared with everyone and so the monotonous family began

Althusser (Theories of the family)

Ideological functions

The family socialises children into the norms and values that are useful to capitalist ruling class. This is obedience and respect to authority. It ensures that children become obedient adults and passive workers with little complaint, accepting exploitation.

Zaretsky (Theories of the family)

Family is offering a ‘haven’ away from harsh and exploitative world of capitalism. Workers can be themselves and have private lives.

Somerville (Liberal) (Theories of the family)

• RF fail to recognise progress made

• Matrifocal households wouldn’t work because of heterosexual attraction

Ansley (Marxist) (Theories of the family)

Women are ‘takers of shit’

Marxist feminists say :

1. Women reproduce the labour force

2. Women absorb anger (Ansley)

3. Women are a reserve army of cheap labour

Greer (Radical) (Theories of the family)

Advocated for all women households - Matrifocal households

Murray (Theories of the family)

The Welfare state undermined personal responsibility and importance of support. The Welfare support for lone parents encourage single women to have children which contributes to the dependency ratio and creates an underclass that lives off benefits

Nordqvist and Smart (Theories of the family)

Some parents prioritised the importance of social relationships than blood in forming bonds

Reproductive technology has affected the traditional idea of parenthood eg. Sperm Bank