AMSCO Unit 3.3

Why did King Henry IV convert to Catholicism?

To solidify his power and ensure peace.

What was the split in Islam between?

Sunni and Shi'a.

What was the main challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

The shift from feudalism to centralized governments.

Were efforts to reform the church during the Protestant Reformation successful?

No, they were not.

What was John Wycliffe's argument?

Priests were unnecessary for salvation.

Why was John Wycliffe vilified?

For translating parts of the Bible into English vernacular.

Who were the Hussites?

Followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia, declared heretics for beliefs similar to Wycliffe's.

How did the Catholic Church suffer during the Babylonian Captivity?

French rulers had greater influence over the church.

How was the Catholic Church affected by the Plague?

Believers felt the church failed to stop the plague.

What did Martin Luther conclude about the church?

Several church practices violated biblical teachings.

How did Luther speak out against the Catholic Church?

By nailing his charges to the church door.

What is Luther's belief of 'Sola Fide'?

It is the basis of salvation for the Christian believer.

Why did the church react harshly to Luther?

His arguments threatened the church's financial stability and authority.

What major split resulted from Luther's ideas?

A split in the Roman Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire.

What were Luther's beliefs about women?

Women could have direct access to God and were promoted for literacy.

How did John Calvin believe the elect should live?

The elect ran the community based on plain living and governance by elders.

What was the goal of the Calvinist Puritans?

To purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants.

Why were Calvinists encouraged to work hard?

Prosperity indicated God's favor and their position in the elect.

Why did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church?

He was refused by the pope to marry another woman for an heir.

What two things did the Orthodox Church unify in Russia?

The Russian people and the tsar.

How did Peter the Great assert his power over the Orthodox Church?

By moving against the Orthodox church.

How did the Holy Synod keep the Orthodox church under government control?

By replacing the Patriarch with a governing body overseen by a secular official.

Why did Peter raise the age of those who could become monks?

He preferred that young people serve first as soldiers.

Why was the Counter-Reformation established?

To fight against Protestant attacks.

What was the purpose of the Inquisition?

To root out and punish non-believers.

Who founded the Jesuits?

Ignatius of Loyola.

What did the Council of Trent aim to address?

Correcting church abuses and reaffirming rituals.

How was the Counter-Reformation successful?

Catholicism remained predominant in western Europe.

Why did Charles V give up his rule of the Holy Roman Empire?

He was discouraged in his ability to stop the spread of Lutheranism.

What actions did Philip II take?

He led a Catholic Crusade in the Netherlands and tried to conquer England.

What was the result of Europe's religious division?

It led to frequent wars.

What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg?

It allowed each German state to choose its ruler's religion.

How did King Henry IV try to unify France?

By converting to Catholicism.

What was the result of the Edict of Nantes?

It allowed Huguenots to practice their faith.

What were the social and economic effects of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes?

Many skilled craftsmen left France.

What was the result of the Thirty Years' War?

It significantly altered the political and religious landscape of Europe.

What led to economic catastrophe for most of the continent?

Famine, starvation, and disease.

What was the chosen religion of France, Spain, and Italy after the Peace of Westphalia?

Catholic.

What was the chosen religion of Northern Europe after the Peace of Westphalia?

Lutheran or Calvinist.

What was the chosen religion of England after the Peace of Westphalia?

Protestant.

What was the result of allowing rules of the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion?

It gave countries and duchies more autonomy.

How did Prussia begin to assert itself?

By developing a strong military.

What was the dominant religion of the Holy Roman Empire?

Eastern Orthodox religion.

How did becoming Muslim change the Ottoman Empire?

Byzantine's Justinian law was replaced by Shariah.

What was the impact of Islam on the Safavid Empire?

Shan Ismail built a power base that supported Shi'a and denied legitimacy to Sunni.

What did Akbar tolerate?

All religions.

What was the result of Akbar supporting Sikhism?

It helped Sikhism grow and become popular.

How did Akbar try to ease tensions between Hindus and Muslims?

He gave Hindus positions in government and married Hindu wives.

What did Akbar try to change in the Mughal Empire before his death?

He tried to prohibit sati and child marriages, and encouraged literature and art.

What did scientific thought represent during the Scientific Revolution?

A new way of thinking based on reason rather than faith.

What did Francis Bacon challenge with his ideas of empiricism?

Traditional ideas accepted for centuries.

How did Principa exemplify scientific collaboration?

It combined Galileo's and Kepler's laws into a work on gravitational force.

How did intellectuals believe science showed the world?

As ordered and rational, with natural laws applying to society.

What were five reasons the Gunpowder Empires were unable to maintain rule?

1. Unable to compete with European trading companies. 2. Conflicts of heirs. 3. Weak leadership. 4. Financial burdens on peasants. 5. Religious conflicts.

What were Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

Soldiers who helped preserve the power of the sultan, often recruited from Christian areas.

What were Ghulams in the Safavid Empire?

Soldiers who protected the shah from rival clans.

What was a reason for the Ottoman-Safavid wars?

Territorial claims and religious differences.

What was a reason for Safavid-Mughal conflicts?

Control over resources and trade routes.

How did China use bureaucracy to control populations?

Through civil service examinations.

How did the Ottoman Empire use bureaucracy?

Through the devshirme system to create loyal civil servants.

How did the Safavid Empire use bureaucracy?

By enlisting bureaucrats from the Persian population.

How did the Songhai Empire use bureaucracy?

By employing bureaucrats from the scholarly class educated in Timbuktu.

How were the Aztecs different from other land empires?

Less centralized and bureaucratic, created a tributary empire.

What was the Mughal tax collection system?

Emperors appointed zamindars to collect taxes from peasants.

What was the Ottoman tax farming system?

Sultans appointed tax farmers to collect taxes for a fixed sum.

What was the Aztec tribute system?

A tributary empire supported by yearly offerings from surrounding areas.

How did rulers use religion to legitimize their rule?

By aligning with divine powers or religious ideologies.

How did art help rulers control public image?

By commissioning works that depicted them favorably.

How did monumental architecture serve rulers?

As a visual representation of wealth and power.

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