MODULE 3: STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM TRANSES

STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION

Things or substances present within the organism which

they utilize for them to cause infection to human host.

• Relevant to bacteria/microorganisms because it is

associated to their virulence and in order for them to

thrive in a human host and eventually cause infection in

that human host.

VIRULENCE

is the ability of the microorganism to cause

infection/disease to a particular host like humans.

VIRULENCE MECHANISM

- how that particular bacteria

structure participates/enables the organism to cause

infection/disease to any human host

(polar bodies) (GRANULAR INCLUSION)

• They are otherwise known as (________)

• They are irregularly-shaped circles/irregularly-shaped

spheres (circular structures) present within the body of

the organism.

• Dissecting the term: (____________)

(GRANULAR) (INCLUSION)

(_______)	Looking at irregularly shaped circles
(________)	Irregularly shaped circles/granules are found inside the body of the organism

(metachromatic granules) (METACHROMASIA.) (Metachromasia) (PRIMARY STAIN) (granular inclusion)

They are known as (___________) because

it exhibits a special property called (___________)

o (_____________) is a special staining property of

granular inclusion bodies where it appears different

color from the color of the staining used to

demonstrate it.

o (__________) à methylene blue (a blue dye)

o (__________) bodies when stained using

methylene blue will appear purple/violet under the

microscope. That discrepant information that a blue

stain was used but appeared purple under the

microscope is metachromasia.

COMPOSITON

• accumulations of metaphosphates and

polyphosphates

(VIRULENCE MECHANISM)

ACTS AS ENERGY RESERVE FOR THE ORGANISM

The immune system of human beings is composed of WBCs and

competent substances that will fight off infection whenever

infection arises. WBCs has 5 types and neutrophils, eosinophils,

and monocytes are phagocytes (WBCs that engulfs or eats any

foreign material (antigens) that enters the body). Phagocytes are

provoked by antigens; they will chase the antigen and engulf it

just before that antigen or any foreign material to cause infection

in the immune system of that individual. (physiologic response)

Since microorganisms/bacteria are not normally seen in the

system of any human, when an organism enters the human body,

these microorganisms are immediately detected by the immune

system as antigen. These microorganisms will stimulate the

phagocytes in the immune system so that the phagocytes will

attack and try to combat that antigen by eating it or engulfing it

just before that microorganism/bacteria can cause infection to the

human host.

In the case of microorganisms with granular inclusion

bodies, these microorganisms will survive the phagocytes’

combat mechanism by running away from the phagocyte

(because the microorganism knows that the phagocyte will

destroy the microorganism) and eventually the original energy

that the microorganism used in running away from the phagocyte

will be depleted. But since these microorganisms has granular

inclusion bodies which serves as energy reserve for that

organism, once the original energy of the organism was

exhausted, the organism will use the energy reserve from the

granular bodies to keep away from the phagocyte. The

organism can escape the phagocyte’s combat action, it will stay

in the immune system of the patient for a long time and in that

long time that the organism survives in the system of the patient,

eventually that organism will cause infection/disease to that

patient.

• (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) (Volutin granules)

REP. ORGANISM	SPECIFIC METACHROMATIC GRANULE
(____________) (causative agent for diphtheria)	Babes Ernst granules or (_________) of Babes Ernst
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Much granules

FLAGELLA (FLAGELLUM) (locomotion)

(__________)

• Are very fine filamentous, thin/hair-like appendages that

come out to the side of rod shaped bacteria. Whip-like

structure which acts as means for (________)

Microorganism with flagella

- the body and the flagella

of the organism is one organism

MESSEA’S

Classification.

There are 4 different classifications of flagella according

to the main name of its classification,

(number of flagella) (location of the flagella)

It is classified according to two different

criteria:

(1) the (_______) present within the organism,

and

(2) the (_________) in the body of the

organism.

(MONOTRICHOUS) (• Pseudomonas aeruginosa) (LOPHOTRICHOUS) ( Bartonella bacilliformis) (AMPHITRICHOUS) (• Spirillum serpens) (PERIRICHOUS) (Salmonella typhi) (Proteus vulgaris) (ATRICHOUS)

MESSEA’S CLASSIFICATION

(________)	# of flagella: one flagellum location: on one side of either side of the organism. (__________)
(________)	# of flagella: tuft (bundle) of flagella location: on one side of either side of the organism. (_________)
(_________)	# of flagella: one flagellum location: both sides of the organism. = 2 flagella on both sides (____________)

(________)	# of flagella: abundant number of flagella location: scattered all throughout the body of the organism. • Salmonella typhi (causative agent of typhoid fever) • Proteus vulgaris (common causative agent of UTI)
(_______)	• no flagella • Shigella sp.

(COMPOSITON) (flagellin)

(___________)

• fibrous protein called, (________)

MOTILITY OF THE ORGANISM

Any bacteria/microorganism with flagella is motile (can travel

from one place to another). If these microorganisms enter the

body, immune system of the patient detects that microorganism as

antigen and WBCs of the immune system gets stimulated right

away and the initial reaction of these WBCs is to run to the

invading microorganism and try to engulf it just before that

microorganism can cause infection inside the body of the patient.

If the microorganism entering the human body contains flagella,

when the phagocytes try to attack, the flagella of that

microorganism will propel so that the microorganism can escape

and run away from the phagocytes’ combat action. The

microorganisms with flagella can continue propelling away from the

phagocyte and can totally escape the combat action of the

phagocyte. The microorganism stays in the system of the patient

for a long time and the longer the organism stays inside the body,

the better chances it can cause infection to that patient.

ANTIGENIC PROPERTY

The second virulence mechanism of flagella is not really

connected to the virulence of the organism but is equivalent to

how the organism gets destroyed in the body. When an

organism possessing flagella enters the body, the immune system

will detect the flagella of the microorganism as the antigen and not

the entirety of the organism’s body. What provokes the

WBCs/phagocytes of the immune system as these types of

microorganisms enter the body is the flagella so that if the WBCs

cannot catch these microorganisms because the flagella propel

continuously, the antibodies from the immune system which

serves as the second line of defense in fighting off infection will be

produced specific to the flagella of the organism because that is

the antigen in the organism. The antibodies will destroy the antigen

part of the microorganism (flagella) and that yields the

microorganism nonmotile and once it is nonmotile, the

phagocytes can successfully chase that nonmotile organism

already, engulf it and eliminate it from the body so that the patient

will recover from the infection caused by the organism.

(SPORES/ENDOSPORES) (genus Bacillus and genus Clostridium) (body) ()

(____________________)

• These are present especially those belonging to the

(______&__________). It enables

bacteria to change its color and is It is important to

physical and chemical agents for disinfections and has

advantage of specificity over the vegetative cell and can

be destroyed thru “autoclave”. Present only in bacilli.

• The spores are found within the (______) of the organism

(light shade in the body or unstained).

• Endospores can be classified only according to its

location within the body of the organism

(CENTRAL ENDOSPORE) (SUB-TERMINAL ENDOSPORE) (TERMINAL)

	• spore in the center of the body of the organism • Bacillus subtilis
	• spores near the end of the body of the organism. • Bacillus subtilis (common contaminant in the lab)
	• spore at the end of one or both sides of the body of the organism. • cotton bud/lollipop-shaped/drumstick appearance • Clostridium tetani (causative agent for tetanus)

calcium dipicolinates.

COMPOSITON

• composed of

RESISTS DISINFECTION

If the microorganism in the surface possesses any spore, no

matter how we disinfect that surface, the microorganism will stay

there because it resisted the disinfection performed. The patient

that does anything with the surface involved will harbor the

microorganism. The microorganism enters the human system and

can eventually cause infection in the patient.

SLIME LAYER AND CAPSULE

• Elaborate mucilaginous substances. They usually

accumulate around the cell wall in varying amount. Slime

layer and capsule are differentiated by the amount of

polysaccharide present.

(little/scanty) (abundant/copious) ( thin, almost not

apparent) (defined, apparent, and conspicuous)

SLIME LAYER VS CAPSULE

SLIME LAYER	CAPSULE
polysaccharide surrounding the microorganism present in (_____) amounts	polysaccharide surrounding the microorganism present in (_______) amounts
very (_______) in the microscopic image	very (_____, _______, ______) polysaccharides surrounding the microorganism is bigger and more visible

Sarcina lutea	S. pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae

(stimulated and provoked) (smooth surfaces) (recognize) (normal cells) (infection)

SLIME LAYER’S VIRULENCE MECHANISM

ADHESION/ADHERENCE/ATTACHMENT MECHANISM

When an organism enters the body, the immune system

recognizes it as antigen and that the phagocytes are immediately

(____________), and these WBCs will attack the antigen

to combat/destroy the microorganism.

When microorganisms with slime layer enters the body, they

have the capability to attach to (__________) of the normal cells

in the body. When the immune system stimulates and gives a

signal to the WBCs to attack them, the phagocytes can no longer

(_______) them because they already fit in and hide to the smooth

surfaces of the normal cells of the body, the phagocytes cannot

recognize their presence anymore because they get detected as

(________) of the body. They can survive the combat action of the

phagocytes and thrive in the system of the patient and eventually

they can cause (_______) in that patient.

(invading organism) (Capsules) ()

CAPSULE’S VIRULENCE MECHANISM

ANTI-PHAGOCYTOSIS

When a microorganism with capsule enters the body, the

immune system will send the phagocytes to destroy the (_______). (______) are slippery and slimy structures, when the

phagocytes try to open its mouth ready to engulf the

microorganism, that organism can immediately escape the mouth

of the phagocytes therefore escaping phagocytosis because that

phagocyte will have a hard time eating it up because the capsule’s

slippery and slimy nature will cause the microorganism to slip away

the mouth of the phagocyte. (anti-phagocytosis)

(compliment system)

ANTI-COMPLEMENTARY

The immune system has the highest form of defense against any

invading antigen known as (_______) and its end action

is cell lysis or cell death. When the (2) (________) is

activated because the organism has provoked its action, the

compliment system will attack the organism and the organism gets

destroyed. Since the organism has capsule which has anti-

complimentary action, when these types of organisms enter the

body, the compliment system will never get stimulated because

the capsule has the power to exist inside the immune system of

the patient in a way that the complementary system gets snug into

its appearance.

(Babes Ernst granules) (Much granules) (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) (Bartonella bacilliformis) (Spirillum serpens)

(Salmonella typhi • Proteus vulgaris) (Bacillus subtilis) (Clostridium tetani)

STRUCTURE GRANULAR INCLUSION BODIES/METACHROMATIC GRANULES	COMPOSITION accumulations of metaphosphates and polyphosphates VIRULENCE MECHANISM • Energy reserve	• Corynebacterium diphtheriae (causative agent for diphtheria) SPECIFIC METACHROMATIC GRANULE - (____________) • Mycobacterium tuberculosis SPECIFIC METACHROMATIC GRANULE – (___________)
STRUCTURE FLAGELLA	COMPOSITION flagellin VIRULENCE MECHANISM Motility and Antigenic property	MONOTRICHOUS • (___________) LOPHOTRICHOUS • (_________) AMPHITRICHOUS • (____________) PERITRICHOUS •
STRUCTURE ENDOSPORES	COMPOSITION calcium dipicolinates VIRULENCE MECHANISM Resists disinfection	CENTRAL / SUB-TERMINAL • (___________) TERMINAL • (___________)

STRUCTURE SLIME LAYER &	COMPOSITION polysaccharide Attachment mechanism	• Sarcina lutea
STRUCTURE CAPSULE	COMPOSITION polysaccharide VIRULENCE MECHANISM Anti-Phagocytosis and Anti-Complementary	• Streptococcus pneumoniae • Klebsiella pneumoniae