APUSH unit 3 - 3.6

Causes of the French and Indian War?

• British colonists wanted to expand west where the French were

• both France and Britain wanted control of the Ohio River Valley

Colonial militias

• Britiain used colonists as a source of military power

• formed separate militias for each colony 

• did not work because the men were not properly trained 

Who had more Native American allies?

the French because they had much better relations with them compared to the British

Why was the Albany Plan of Union created?

colonies saw themselves as very distinct

• little unity

• needed to come together to defeat the French

Albany Plan of Union

• provided an inter colonial government

• system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes

Did the Albany plan work? 

• no because the colonies and Britain did not agree to it 

Treaty of Paris (1763)

• ended the French and Indian War 

• Britain got Canada and Spanish Flordia 

• British extended their control over North America 

Effects of the French and Indian War?

• challenged the autonomy of the Native Americans

• American colonies o longer faced the threat of attacks from other European powers and native Americans

• Britain became more powerful

• changed how the colonists and Britain viewed each other

How did the British view the colonies after the war?

• thought the colonies sucked in regards to military

• overall thought poorly of the colonies

How did the colonies view Britain after the war? 

• were proud for winning 

How did Britain treat the colonies (economically) after the war?

• no longer practiced salutary neglect

• Britain had large amounts of debt from all the wars

• heavily taxed the colonies as a result

Pontiac’s Rebellion - 1763

• Chief Pontiac attacked colonial settlements along the western frontier

• were angry at the Europeans for taking their land

Proclamation of 1763 

• Britain passed this law prohibiting colonists to move west of the Appalachian mountains in order to avoid costly native American attacks 

• colonists were extremely angry 

• the colonists moved west despite this 

• created a further divide between Britain and the colonies 

Why did British heavily tax colonists after the war?

• Britain was in debt from the war so the period of salutary neglect ended

• aggressive taxation

• colonists felt it threatened their liberties

direct representation

• colonists coould not directly elect representatives to Parliament (didn’t have a voice)

• wanted more direct representation of their intersests

The Sugar Act (1764)

• placed taxes on sugar/molasses

• those who got caught smuggling were sent to courts by crown appointed judges without juries

The Quartering Act (1765)

• required colonists to provide food and quarters to British troops

Stamp Act 

• required that all legal documents (newspapers, advertisements, playing cards) be taxed 

• first direct tax collected from those who used the goods (used to be taxes on imported goods, paid by merchants) 

What were the reactions to the Stamp Acts?

• colonies formed a Stamp Act Congress to try and get the king to appeal this act (one of the first signs of unity)

• Sons of Liberty group formed (violent group that intimidated tax collectors)

• economic pressure

How did the colonists try to economically hurt Britain after the Stamp Acts?

• many people boycotted British goods

• hurt Britain economically

Declaratory Act (1766) 

• Parliament vote to repeal the Stamp Act as a result of the boycotts 

• but gave Parliament the right to tax them in the future (would lead to later conflict) 

Townshend Acts (1676)

• new taxes on tea, glass, and paper

• homes could be searched for smuggled goods with writs of assistance (warrants)

• at first was not protested because they weren’t direct taxes/ internal

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania by John Dickinson

• argued that Parliament could regulate colonial trade but not tax colonists directly

• if they wanted to have direct taxes, colonists needed to have colonial representatives in Parliament

Massachusetts Circular Letter by Samuel Adams and James Otis 

• urges colonists to help repeal the Townshend Acts 

• boycotts and smuggling increased 

What did Lord Fredrick North do when he became the new prime minister? 

• repealed the Townshend Acts because they damaged trade 

• relative peace but tax on tea remained 

Boston Massacre (March 1770)

• British troops fired into a crowd of colonists

• 5 were killed (first one killed was Crispus Attucks) 

• this incident was dramatized in order to flame British hatred 

Committees of Correspondence 

• initiated by Samuel Adams (1772) 

• would have meetings about potentially threatening British activities

• spread the view that Britain was undermining colonial liberties

The Gaspee

• a British customs ship that caught smugglers 

• a group of men in Rhode Island set the ship on fire 

Boston Tea Party causes?

• colonists still refused to pay for British tea because of the tax

• Britain passed the Tea Act (1773) 

Tea Act

• gave the British East India company a monopoly on the American tea trade

• made British tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea

What were the colonists reaction to the Tea Act?

• colonists refused to pay for British tea 

• didn’t want to recognize the Parliaments right to tax the colonies 

Boston Tea Party

• a group of Boston men boarded British ships filled with tea and dumped 342 chests of tea overboard

What was Britain’s reaction to this event?

• passed the Coercive acts and the Quebec act

Coercive/ Intolerable acts of 1774

• goal - to punish mainly Massachusetts and Boston

• Port act - closed the port of Boston (prohibiting trade)

• Massachusetts Gov. Act- reduced power of Mass. legislature and increased the power of the royal governor

• Administration of Justice Act - allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain

• Quartering act

Quebec Act 

• goal - to satisfy the French speaking Canadians (new territory and people) 

• established Catholicism as the official religion in Quebec 

• extended Quebec’s territory to the Ohio River (colonists wanted that land) 

• took away their representative assembly 

Colonists reaction to the Quebec Acts?

• angry because they wanted the Ohio River Valley land

• thought that maybe their representative assemblies would be taken away

• resented the recognition of the Roman Catholic Church because majority of colonists were Protestant

Who in the colonies supported the British?

• wealthy merchants in New York and Philadelphia

• wealthy planters in the South

• had too much to lose if they don’t win the war

In what ways did the Enlightenment impact the mindset of the colonists?

• influenced religion (Deism)

• ideas of self governance/ overthrowing oppressive governments 

• Enlightenment was big in the 18th century 

Deism 

• the belief that God created the world but doesn’t interfere beyond that 

• goes against traditional Christian thinking that God controls everything 

Rationalism

• emphasized rational/logical thinking 

• more emphasis on science than religion 

Social Contract

• important Enlightenment idea

• agreement among people to form a fair and equal government 

• instead of power coming from above (God= divine right) it now comes from below (the people) 

Thomas Paine

• wrote a phamplet called Common Sense 

• argued that colonies should become independent states away from the British 

• didn't make sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small country

Why did Thomas Paine’s ideas spread so quickly?

• directly attacked the King instead of the Parliament 

• took abstract ideas and made them understandable for common readers

• key factor in widening the divide between the colonies and Britain 

First Continental Congress

• purpose - respond to Britain’s threats to their liberties 

• most Americans did not want independence, just wanted to protest their rights 

• all the colonies except Georgia participated 

Who were the radical delegates? (those attending the congress)

• Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, John Adams

Who were the moderate delegates?

• George Washington and Joseph Galloway

loyalists

• loyal to the king

Galloway Plan

• discussed in the first continental congress 

• goal was to not piss off the conservative and moderate colonists 

• didn’t work 

Suffolk resolves

• called for the immediate repeal of the Intolerable Acts

• called for the colonists to boycott British goods 

• endorsed by Continental Congress 

What did the Continental Congress do besides the Suffolk Resolves?

• urges the king to restore colonial rights (recognized Parliaments authority to regulate trade)

• economic sanctions

How did the king react to the petition of the first Continental Congress?

• King dismissed the petition 

• sent troops to New England

• would lead to battles (Lexington and Concord) 

Lexington and Concord

• King wanted to seize the local militias guns 

• Paul Revere and William Dawes alerted that the British were coming

• casulaties on both sides 

Battle of Bunker Hill

• heavy losses on both sides

• led to second continental congress 

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for taking up arms 

• called on colonies to provide troops 

• George Washington led the Continental army 

Olive Branch Petition

• many colonists did not want independence or war

• pledged their loyalty to the king and wanted peace

Prohibitory act

• king did not respond to the petition

• declared the colonies in rebellion

Declaration of Independence

• officially declaring independence from Britain

• packed with natural rights ideas (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)

Patriots

sided against the British

• largest numbers were from New England 

British strengths

• far more resources, money 

• large military and navy 

• have experience fighting overseas 

African Americans in the war

• British promised to free slaves who came to fight with them 

• this prompted the colonies to allow African Americans in the army 

Tories

• called loyalists

• mainly wealthy people

• merchants, gov workers, and church officials 

Why did most Native Americans support the British?

• angry at the colonists for stealing land 

• British with the Proclamation line would stop colonial expansion onto their land 

Battle of Saratoga

• colonists actually won this battle 

• led to France agreeing to come to their aid 

Treaty of Paris 

• Britain would recognize the existence of the US as an independent nation

• Mississippi River would be the western boundary of that nation

• Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada

• Americans would pay debt to Brtish merchants and honor loyalist claims for property confinscated during the war

• 1783

Daughters of Liberty

• an organization before the war

• women would boycott British goods by spinning their own clothes, and more 

How did women help out in the war effort? 

• some were cooks and nurses 

• other women fought in battle by taking their husbands place (Molly McCauley/Pitcher) or dressing as a man (Deborah Sampson) 

How did women contribute economically while the war was going on? 

• maintained the colonial economy 

• ran farm and businesses 

• provided food and clothing for the war effort 

How did the war effect women’s view of their status in society?

• their status (at least mentally) evolved

• Republican Motherhood

Republican Motherhood

• new role called for educating women so they could teach their children the values of the new Republic and their roles as citizens

• gave them a bigger impact in the nations political life

Abigail Adams 

• wife of John Adams 

• desired equality for women 

How did the war effect African Americans?

• the spirit of the revolution (all men created equal) contradicted slavery

• slave trade was abolished

• northern states (most) ended slavery

• southern states freed their slaves

• still not equal

How did the development of the cotton gin change African Americans status after the war?

• cotton gin created a need for low cost labor so slavery was back again

• formed rationale for holding people in life long bondage

How did the war impact Native Americans? 

• sided with the British so they did not benefit from the Americans winning 

• viewed as obstacles for land (not respected) 

How did the American Revolution impact other parts of the world?

• served as an inspiration for other countries (France, Haiti, Latin America, Zimbabwe) to revolt against their governments

• spread Enlightenment ideas