AP Psych Chapter 18 (16 + 17 Review)

Social influence

the process whereby one person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others

Norms

socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations

Descriptive norms

what people really do

Injunctive norms

what is ideal (what people should do)

Deindividuation

loss of identity/individuality because of the group dynamic

Social facilitation

your behavior/outcome improves when people are around (have to be decent at it)

Social impairment/ interference

your behavior/outcome worsens when people are around (even though you're pretty good)

Social loafing

exerting less effort when in a group then when alone

Compliance (explicit vs. implicit)

a request

-explicit: direct request

-implicit: body language (the look)

Foot in the door technique

small requests (baby steps, have to be completed) to get someone to do something

Door in the face procedure

ask for something outlandish then scale it back

That's not all technique

adding something to an original offer, which is likely to create some pressure to reciprocate (add on= viewed as a gift)

Low ball approach

sucker people into something (car salesmen)

Conformity

your behavior due to unspoken pressure (real or imagined)

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Information social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Soloman Asch's line experiment

(tests conformity) 1956; person arrives, 5 people already there (confederates) standard line & group of three;

control condition- baseline for how people respond; experimental condition- will they conform to the group

Social impact theory

three people & admire the group

Conditions that increase conformity

unanimity, social impact theory & culture

Obedience

demand from an authority figure (parents, teachers)

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment

(tested obedience) learner or teacher, wrong answer = "electric shock", 15 V to 450 V; how far will people obey an authority figure?; results- men & women were equal, only 5 of 40 people stopped before 300 V; 65% obeyed to the end; unethical

Factors affecting obedience

less obedience= less prestigious (building), proximity of the authority figure, non-professor, presence of others

Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment

(tests obedience & conformity); wanted to study prison conflict, 24 "healthy & stable" individuals (all men), stopped after 6 days (supposed to be 2 weeks), demonstrates the power of the situation; unethical

Aggression & factors that increase it

intent to cause harm or injury; negative emotions (fear, anger, pain, & frustration)

Excitation transfer

suggests that physiological arousal from one experience can carry over to another independent experience

Evolutionary theory & aggression

suggests that we are aggressive because it helps us survive; we will help relative/friends instead of strangers

Sigmund Freud & aggression

suggested that aggressive was in instinctual drive and it needs to be released (verbal or physical)

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

suggests that psychological issues (like disappointment or annoyance) can lead to a person being more aggressive

Environmental psychology a& aggression

suggests that high temperatures, overcrowding, and noise pollutions lead to more aggression

Helping behavior

any act/behavior that benefits another person; can be selfish or unselfish

Altruism

the unselfish regard for others (more nurture than nature)

Arousal: cost-reward theory

(2 things); your body has to physically react then quick cost-benefit analysis

Empathy-altruism theory

if you don't have empathy for them, you are probably not going to help

Bystander effect

the more people around, the less likely you are help

Diffusion of responsibility

internal feeling, it's not my problem

Kitty Genovese

NYC, 1964; died because of bystander effect

Cooperation

any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal

Competition

behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others

Conflict

the result of a person's or group's beliefs that another person or group stands in the way of them achieving a valued goal

Social dilemmas

broad term for all the dilemmas

Prisoner's dilemmas

specific type of social dilemma where mutual cooperation is the best outcome; such as two brothers who get in trouble and agree to work together

Resource dilemmas

broad term for a dilemma in which you have to decide how much to give or how much to take

Commons dilemmas

type of resource dilemma; how much do you take?

Public goods dilemma

type of resource dilemma; how much do you give?

Zero-sum game

your loss is my gain; such as fights without a tie/draw; inheritance, lottery

Task-oriented leader/ task-motivated leader

leaders who provide close supervision, leads by directives and discourage group discussion

Person-oriented leader/ relationship-motivated leader

asks for suggestions and want the group to work together and values each other's opinions

Transactional leadership

responds to the group; can use praise or punishment (like a coach)

Transformational leader/ charismatic leader

inspires people to do things (MLK Jr.)

Groupthink

occurs when the group fails to look at all the possibilities; think as one instead of individually

Psychiatrist

medical doctor, can prescribe medication come back later after prescription (checkup)

Psychologist

not a doctor of medicine; counseling side- work with patients, talk therapy, regular basis; clinical side- may never work with patients, work in a lab, test medication

Free association

talk freely, whatever comes to mind

Transference

transfer of emotions to therapist (emotions come out)

Client-centered therapy (4 terms)

a conversation, patient is in charge; for it to work, therapist has to do four things (to get the patient to trust them)- unconditional positive regard (acceptance, never hold judgement), empathy (feeling for the person, understanding), reflection (allows the patient to hear from someone else), congruence (to be genuine & honest), congruence (to be genuine & honest)

Systematic desensitization

goes "step by step" to decrease a person's phobia

Flooding

an anxiety reduction treatment in which clients are kept in a feared but harmless situation and are not permitted to use their normally rewarding escape strategies

Modeling

type of therapy that is based on observational learning

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Albert Ellis; looks at the ABCs of the situation- activating event, belief, and consequences; tends to be more direct, confrontational, & utilizes cognitive restructuring

Beck's cognitive therapy

tends to foster a relationship with the patient and helps them find the answer; might help someone who catastrophizes things and has negative self-esteem (similar to REBT)

Clinically significant

means that the results of therapy were noticed by the patient and/or the therapist

Neuroleptics

drugs that can help individual with schizophrenia; can be referred to as antipsychotics

Anticonvulsants

known as a mood stabilizer and often used to help patients with bipolar disorders (lithium)

Anxiolytics

drugs that reduce anxiety

Community psychology

field of psychology that primarily focuses on the prevention of psychological disorders

Temporal comparison

comparing who you are today with who you were in the past

Upward social comparison

comparing yourself to people who are better (JV player comparing himself to varsity player)

Downward social comparison

comparing yourself to worse people (JV player comparing himself to middle school player)

Internal attribution

inside thing, who they are all of the time

External attribution

outside thing/factor (for ourselves)

Fundamental attribution error

overestimate internal & underestimate external; not asking what is going on behind the scene (for a person)

Actor-observer bias

actor observing other people; internal for others, blame it on them, they're stupid; external for us, make excuses

Self-serving bias

success is internal (of course I did well, I'm smart); failures are external (I was sick, I had to do this)

Elaboration likelihood model (peripheral route & central route)

change & formation attitudes;

peripheral route- occurs when people are influenced by gimmicks or catchphrases;

central route- influences by content or core facts

Cognitive dissonance theory

your attitude change comes from trying to reduce some kind of tension

Self-perception theory

you don't have an attitude yet but you think back at what you have done in the past

Stereotype

a belief/thought about a person or group (positive or negative)

Prejudice

emotion/feeling of a group because of stereotypes

Discrimination

behavior component, treating someone differently because of prejudice/stereotypes

Contact hypothesis

if you're working with different groups, you will understand them more