Exam 1 Review

Music History 2 Chp. 20-23

Principal Genres

Opera, Concerto, Sonata, String Quartet, Symphony (Chp 20 Slide 3)

Composers of Opera’s

Pergolesi, Gluck, Piccinni, Haydn, J.C. Bach, Mozart, Gossec, Philidor, Hiller, Dittersdorf (Chp 20 Slide 3)

Composers of Concertos

C.P.E. Bach, Haydne, J.C. Bach, C. Stamitz, Mozart, Beethoven (Chp 20 Slide 3)

Composers of Sonatas

D. Scarlatti, C.P.E. Bach, Haydn, Vanhal, Clementi, Mozart, Beethoven (Chi 20 Slide 3)

Composers of String Quartets

Haydn, Vanhal, Boccherini, Mozart, Beethoven (Chp 20 Slide 3)

Composers of Symphonies

Sammartini, C.P.E. Bach, J. Stamitz, Haydn, Gossec, J.C. Bach, Dittersdorf, Boccherini, C. Stamitz, Mozart, Beethoven (Chp 20 Slide 3)

What is the Enlightenment?

Intellectual movement in the 18th century - humanitarian movement (Chp 20 Slide 5)

What are the central themes of the Enlightenment?

Reason, Nature, and Progress (Chp 20 Slide 5)

What are the values of the Enlightenment?

Belief in “natural law”; Valued individual faith and practical morality over the church; Promoted universal education (Chp 20 Slide 5)

Galant style vs. Learned style

Galant emphasized short breath melodies, repeated gestures in 2, 3, or 4 measures, Phrases were larger units accompanied with simple Harmony and punctuated cadences; Learned style was more strict, and appropriate for church music, conveyed solemnity and tradition (Chp 20 Slide 8)

Empfindsam Style

Closely related to Galant style; Characterized by turns of harmony, chromaticism, nervous rhythms, and speech like melody; Related composer was Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (Chp 20 Slide 9)

Melody and Harmony of Galant Style

Melody: Periodic phrase structure, ideas expressed through two or more phrases, concluded with a full cadence; Harmony: Supported the structure of the melody, Hierarchy of cadences (Chp 20 Slide 10)

What is Intermezzo, and what did it become?

Italian comic opera, performed 2 or 3 segments between the acts of a serious opera; Contrasted and parodied the excesses of the primary drama; Pergolesi La selva padrona is an example (Chp 21 Slide 4-5)

Opera buffa; style and format

Full length, usually 3 acts, featured 6 or more characters; Included opening ensemble, diverse aria types and forms, frequent duet and trios, and and extensive ensemble finale (Chp 21 Slide 7)

Opera seria; style and format

Serious opera; 3 acts that almost always had alternating recitatives and arias, occasional duets, a few larger ensembles, rarely had simple courses, da capo arias (Chp 21 Slide 9)

Johann Adolf Hasse

One of the most popular and successful opera composers in Europe; His first opera from Dresden was titled Cleofide which was an embodiment of Galant style (Chp 21 Slide 10)

Querelle des boufoons

Pamphlet war from France; 2 sides, Italian opera fans and French opera fans (Chp 21 Slide 13)

Opera Comique

From France; Native French version of opera with spoken dialogue and no recitative; music consisted of almost entirely songs to popular tunes (Chp 21 Slide 13)

Ballad Opera

From England; Spoken dialogue interspersed with songs set to borrowed tunes (Chp 21 Slide 14)

Singspiel

From Germany; Spoken dialogue, musical numbers, usually comic plot centered around love in common folk (Chp 21 Slide 15)

Opera reform; What did the reformers want?

Opera went through mid-century changes; Reformers sought to make it more “natural”; More flexible in structure, more expressive, less ornamented with coloratura, modified da capo aria (Chp 21 Slide 17)

Christoph William Gluck

Wrote operas in the Italian style before becoming influenced by the opera reform; Orfeo ed Euridice, music molded to the drama, recitatives, arias, choruses intermingled in large unified scenes (Chp 21 Slide 18)

William Billings

New-England Psalm-Singer; Contained 108 psalms and hymn settings; First published collection of music composed in North America (Chp 21 Slide 21)

Social roles of Instrumental Music

Keyboard, harp, guitar were wrote alone for enjoyment; Ensemble was performed as a social activity; Amateurs played for family and friends (Chp 22 Slide 3)

Pianoforte

Strings are stroked with hammers and then drop away allowing strings to reverberate as long as the key is held down; It allowed player to change dynamic levels; 2 main types; Grand piano and Domestic piano (Chp 22 Slide 4)

Instrumentation for a string quartet

2 violins, viola, cello (Chp 22 Slide 7)

Sonata Form

Three sections; Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation (Chp 22 Slide 12)

Rondo Form

Common in last movements; Presents a theme, alternates it with other episodes (Chp 22 Slide 14)

Alberti Bass

Arpeggiated accompaniment of a broken chord; First used by Domenico Alberti; Ex: Sonate in C by Mozart (Chp 22 Slide 16)

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

Galant Style; Wrote “Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments”, information on practicing during this time period. (Chp 22 Slide 17)

Symphony

Major orchestral genre in the late 18th century, usually 3 or 4 movements (Chp 22 Slide 19)

Johann Stamitz

Leader of the Mannheim Court Orchestra; Known for its dynamic range (Chp 22 Slide 21)

Johann Christian Bach

Youngest song of J.S. Bach; Known as “London Bach”; Concerto first movement form similar to ritornello and sonata form (Chp 22 Slide 24)

Cadenza

Traditional for a soloist to play (a usually improvised) cadenza before the final orchestral ritornello (Chp 22 Slide 26)

Joseph Haydn

Most celebrated composer of his day; Choir boy at 7, learned to sing, play harpsichord, and violin; studied with various composers; Part of the Esterhazy Court (Chp 23 pt.1 Slide 3-4)

Who is the father of the Symphony?

Joseph Haydn (Chp 23 pt.1 Slide 9)

Who is the father of the String Quarter?

Joseph Haydn

What is important about the Farewell Symphony?

As the piece goes on, the musicians stop playing, pack up their instrument, turn off their light, and walk off stage. (Chp 23 pt. 1 Slide 13)

What was the surprise in the “Surprise Symphony”?

Immediate dynamic change after a soft and light passage (Chp 23 Pt. 1 Slide 15)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

One of the greatest musicians of Western Classical tradition; Had perfect pitch, played harpsichord, and composed music (Chp 23 Pt. 2 Slide 3)

Mozart Famous Works

The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte, The Magic Flute (Chp 23 Pt. 2 Slide 4)