Exam 5? chapter 13-15

__________ is the period during which the sexual organs mature.

puberty

Some of the hormonal changes of puberty begin in __________.

middle childhood

The activation of the adrenal glands in late middle childhood, and the initial development of secondary sex characteristics and sexual attraction, is called __________.

adrenarche

__________ is a system of hormonal influences and interactions that monitors levels of the hormones responsible for puberty.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A strong predictor of early puberty in females is __________.

Obesity

The __________ helps to initiate the growth spurt in adolescence by increasing quantities of growth hormones in the body.

pituitary gland

Benjamin's parents swear he is an inch taller every morning when he wakes up. Benjamin has been looking down on his mom for a while, and now he stands eyeball-to-eyeball with his dad. Benjamin is experiencing __________.

the adolescent growth spurt

Greta, a girl, and Kareem, a boy, are both 11 years old. Based on this information, who is likely to be taller?

greta

During their growth spurt, boys tend to add more __________ than girls.

muscle

By age 14, the average boy is __________ than the average girl.

taller

__________ sex characteristics are associated with development of the organs and structures of the body directly involved in reproduction.

primary

Indicators of sexual maturity that are not required for sexual reproduction, such as pubic hair, deepening of the voice, and changes in body shape, are referred to as __________ sex characteristics.

Secondary

A female's first menstruation is called __________.

menarche

One of the first signs of puberty in most girls is __________.

the growth spurt

Data have shown that girls in the United States and other economically developed countries have been experiencing menarche at __________ in past centuries.

earlier ages than

Over several generations, menarche in girls happens earlier and earlier. This pattern is referred to as a __________ trend.

secular

In addition to declining rates of disease, a primary reason for the secular trend toward earlier puberty in females is __________.

better nutrition

For boys, the first production of sperm is called __________.

spermarche

Nina went through puberty way before all of her friends. Early puberty for girls __________.

is associated with negative outcomes

Lila is an early-maturing girl. Based on this, Lila most likely experiences __________.

a drop in school performance

Part of the reason that early-maturing girls may face so many negative developmental outcomes is that they __________.

attract the attention of older males

Early-maturing boys tend to be __________.

a match with the cultural masculine ideal

According to recent research studies, early-maturing boys are as likely as early-maturing girls to experience __________.

internalizing and externalizing problems

In adolescence, __________.

gray matter thins

While learning to drive, Trey needs to control impulses, weigh risks in making decisions, and plan his route. Trey is heavily relying on the __________ for these activities.

prefrontal cortex

in the adolescent brain, areas of the prefrontal cortex and other regions in the frontal and parietal lobes collectively help adolescents consider possible solutions to problems, control behaviors, and make decisions. This is referred to as the __________ network.

executive control

Based on research studies, it appears that the brains of adolescents are __________.

particularly sensitive to peer acceptance or exclusion

In online studies using the game Cyberball, researchers found that experiencing social exclusion by fictitious peers online __________.

produced greater activity in the social brain network for adolescents than for adults

Using fMRI procedures, researchers have found that adolescents show greater brain activity than younger or older individuals in response to winning money in a game. The differences in brain activity are found primarily in the __________.

reward network

The high rate of growth in the limbic system in early adolescence makes adolescents particularly susceptible to __________.

immediate rewards such as thrill-seeking or trying drugs

The __________ refers to a theory that a gap between the maturation of the brain's reward circuit and the executive control network leads to a high rate of risk-taking.

dual systems model of risk-taking

In studies that collected self-ratings by adolescents of impulse control and the tendency to take risks (Cauffman et al., 2010; Steinberg et al., 2008), impulse control did not approach adult levels until ages __________.

18 to 22

Shemar has always wanted to try out for the school play, but has never dared to do it. Now at age 14, he has decided to try. He is actually looking forward to the thrill of being on stage in front of a live audience. In terms of the dual systems model, Shemar is engaged in __________.

positive risk taking

More than half of both males and females report having had sex by grade __________.

12

Teenagers today are initiating sexual activity __________ in the past.

later than

Perhaps viewed as "safer," __________ is more common among contemporary adolescents than in the 1990s.

oral sex

Grant has weak relationships with both of his parents-he rarely sees them, and they seldom check in to see how he is doing. In terms of parental relationships, teens like Grant who have weaker relationships with their parents are more likely to __________.

engage in sex before age 15

Raheem thinks that all of his friends are having sex, and they gained status in their peer group because of it. How will this likely impact Raheem's decisions about sexual activity?

Raheem is likely to start having sex because all of his friends say they are.

The development of sexual relationships in teens seems to be affected by power, where __________ are the initiators and __________ are the gatekeepers.

males; females

__________ refers to people age 13 to 24 who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

Sexual-minority youth

A longitudinal study of 13,000 youth in the United States (Ott et al., 2011) found that the majority of sexual-minority youth are __________.

bisexual

The view of contemporary researchers is that sexual preferences and sexual behavior __________.

shift across adolescence and early adulthood

Based on shifts in same-sex and opposite-sex attraction, sexual attraction appears to be more fluid among __________ than __________.

women; men

As a sexual-minority youth, Paulo is more likely than heterosexual youth to experience __________.

Sucide attempts

Ray is gay, and his family disapproves of his sexual preferences. Based on this, Ray is more likely to __________ than those who experience familial acceptance.

use substances such as drugs and alcohol

Young people age 15 to 24 years who are sexually active are __________.

more likely than older sexually active individuals to get a sexually transmitted infection

The most common STI among people age 15 to 24 is __________

human papillomavirus (HPV)

Haley and her boyfriend are sexually active, but they are not concerned about contracting STIs. Why are adolescents more vulnerable to STIs compared to older individuals?

Adolescents are less likely than older people to use protection against STIs during intercourse.

Suggestions to reduce the rate of unprotected or risky sexual behavior in teens include __________

educating teens about the risks and methods of protecting against sexually transmitted infections

The decline in the teen birthrate in the United States since 1990 is attributed both to the fact that teens are waiting longer to have sex and __________.

more frequent use of contraceptives

The teen birthrate is highest among __________.

Hispanics

Ria, age 14, is the mother of a baby boy. Ria's own mother was only 13 years old when she had Ria. Their situation demonstrates __________ of teen pregnancy.

the self-perpetuating cycle

At Maryn's school, her sex-education class promotes not having sex as the solution to teen pregnancy and the risks of getting an STI, but it does not cover contraception. Maryn's school teaches __________ sex education.

abstinence-only

At Gianna's school, sex education includes information on the use of contraception, STIs, teen pregnancy, and abstinence. Gianna's school teaches __________ sex education.

comprehensive

Many studies have shown that the most effective programs in delaying the onset of sexual activity, preventing STIs, and cutting the rate of teen pregnancies are __________ sex-education programs.

comprehensive

Kira's parents want her to improve her diet and exercise habits. They should look to __________ as one solution to help Kira.

school activity programs

Surveys reveal that fewer than half of adolescents eat adequate amounts of __________, and more than two-thirds have excessive intake of __________.

fruits and vegetables; sugar and saturated fat

In addition to getting an average of 60 minutes of vigorous exercise per day, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that adolescents who have completed puberty __________ three times per week.

engage in muscle-strengthening exercises

The __________ is the brain's biological clock, housed in the hypothalamus.

circadian timing system

The body's __________ keeps track of how many hours a person has been awake and creates increasing pressure to fall asleep.

homeostatic drive for sleep

The sleep-wake shift involves __________.

increased sleepiness during the day and decreased sleepiness at night among many adolescents

For adolescents, __________ is an environmental factor that appears to worsen the sleep-wake shift.

staring at lighted electronic devices late at night

Researchers found that compared to school districts that retained their early start times, school districts that made school start times a half-hour later than the usual time (e.g., 8:30 AM instead of 8:00 AM) __________.

had a lower rate of driving accidents by teens on school days

Of current concern in adolescent substance use is the rise in __________ because adolescents may become dependent on nicotine without actually smoking cigarettes.

vaping

Surveys of past-month substance use among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders show the highest potential for abuse lies with __________.

alcohol and illicit drugs such as marijuana

In evaluating the impact of marijuana on the developing adolescent, research shows that __________.

marijuana use in adolescence may damage the developing brain

One way that adolescents may develop substance abuse problems appears to involve coercive or lax parenting, a high level of aggression that alienates the adolescent from positive peers, and __________.

association with deviant peer groups who model substance abuse

Julia is very preoccupied with how much food she eats, even though she eats very, very little. She has an unhealthy body weight and a distorted body image. Julia appears to have __________.

anorexia nervosa

Kayla eats large quantities of food very quickly, and then she vomits and uses laxatives to get rid of the food. Kayla appears to have __________.

bulimia nervosa

Kym eats large amounts of food in a short period of time but does not try to purge the food. As a result, Kym is obese. She appears to have __________.

binge-eating disorder

Eating disorders most commonly emerge in __________.

late adolescence and early adulthood

A sociocultural factor thought to play a role in both bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder is the pressure, from the media and elsewhere, for women to be __________.

thin

In prospective longitudinal studies, the thought and behavior patterns of young adolescents who later are diagnosed with anorexia nervosa often reveal __________.

proneness to dieting

In prospective longitudinal studies, the thought and behavior patterns of young adolescents who later are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa often reveal __________.

body dissatisfaction

__________ appears from intervention studies to be the most difficult eating disorder to treat successfully.

Anorexia nervosa

Rahul feels tired all the time, and he is always sad and irritable. He feels like he cannot get out of bed to go to school, and he thinks life is hopeless. Rahul would most likely be diagnosed with __________.

major depressive disorder

According to the developmental cascade for adolescent depression, stress may impact the adolescent's ability to accomplish two major tasks associated with adolescence: establishing independence from parents and __________.

forming close relationships with others

A greater proportion of females than males with major depressive disorder is first observed in research surveys in __________.

adolescence

Of the three biobehavioral systems thought to be involved in a developmental cascade leading to depression in adolescence, the system that appears to initiate the cascade is the __________.

stress system

According to the developmental cascade model of depression, the higher proportion of females relative to males who succumb to depression in adolescence and adulthood may be due to a greater importance placed on _________.

the developmental task of forming close relationships with others

According to recent survey data, the biggest increase in suicidal thoughts, plans, and actions has occurred __________.

among adolescent and young adult females

About 90 percent of adolescents who attempt suicide __________.

have been diagnosed with at least one psychological disorder, such as depression

__________ is one of the most powerful environmental factors in suicidal thought.

sexual abuse

The biggest jump in major depressive disorder occurs in __________

Adolescence

Individuals who experienced early adversity may have structural and functional abnormalities in the __________, which may be implicated in depression.

hippocampus

Compared to adults, research shows that __________ play(s) a greater role in the onset of depression in children and adolescents.

interpersonal stressors

__________ is Piaget's fourth stage of thinking and is characterized by thinking about abstract, hypothetical, and scientific problems.

Formal operational thinking

A __________ is an argument whose conclusion is supported by two premises.

syllogism

"Bill is larger than Charles. Charles is larger than a house. Therefore, Bill is larger than a house." This is an example of __________.

a syllogism

__________ is a fundamental form of reasoning that involves thinking about hypothetical statements and understanding their logical relationships.

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A study by Inhelder and Piaget (1958) involving a pendulum found that between the ages of 12 and 16, a sophisticated problem-solving approach was taken in which __________.

adolescents isolated variables

Compared with 10- to 11-year-olds who only tried a few solutions to the combination of liquids task, Inhelder and Piaget (1958) found that older adolescents (12- to 16-year-olds) __________ to solve the problem.

tested all possible combinations

__________ become(s) a medium of representing thought at the formal operations stage.

Language

Studies in which Inhelder and Piaget's classic tasks are administered to people of a variety of ages and backgrounds indicate that formal operational reasoning is found __________.

mainly in areas in which a person has developed considerable expertise

The ability to reflect consciously and deliberately on one's own cognitive processes is known as __________.

metacognitive understanding

Jackie has difficulty concentrating on her math homework, but is able to spend hours composing and playing music on her computer. This illustrates what psychologist Deanna Kuhn referred to as __________.

managing and deploying cognitive resources

From middle childhood through adolescence, changes in __________ make it easier for adolescents to focus on relevant stimuli, filter out irrelevant stimuli, and switch from one task to another.

attention

In adolescence, people can organize information in __________ in increasingly systematic ways.

long term memory

Kareem started smoking a year ago in the seventh grade. He knows that smoking is unhealthy, but he thinks it makes him look kind of cool. Researchers have found that once adolescents try smoking, drinking, drug use, or early sexual activity, their previous estimates of the risks __________.

decrease

Riva has just started to drink alcohol. One reason Riva engages in drinking despite knowing the risks of alcohol use is that she __________.

tends to perceive more of the benefits of risky behavior than the risks