APHG REVIEW UNIT 1-7

review

Mercator

looks normal,

used for naval (Sea) expedition,

size and shape distortion

Goode Homolosine

ACCURATE land mass SHAPE and SIZE (continents)

distorts distance and direction

an interrupted map

‘M’

Interrupted map

a map that tries to remove distortion by removing parts globe

(uninterrupted shows the whole globe)

Robinson

they distorted near the poles to minimize distortion, which only made it worse

Gall Peters

Shape of countries (especially near the equator) are distorted

shows TRUE SIZE of earth’s land mass

skinny gyal (gall)

Topographic map

uses contour lines to display terrain and elevation changes

Absolute direction

exact direction a person is heading

relative direction

direction given in relation to another object’s current location

ex. the yellow circle is north of the blue circle

absolute distance

the exact distance between two things

ex. 2 miles

relative distance

approximate distance between two things

ex. about 23 hours (not measures in mi/km)

Chloropleth map

different colors or different shades of a color

each shade/color shows a different quantity of data

Dot density

placed dots on a map where the data is occuring

usually for population

good to show distribution bad for density

Graduated/Proportional symbol

distorts shapes/symbols to show the location and amount of data

Isoline

uses lines to connect areas that have similar/equal amounts of data

usually seen representing weather with sgwiggly lines (temp and elevation)

Cartograph

distorts shapes and sizes to show data

ex. in a pop. map china and India would be the biggest

Flow line

shows movement between different areas with arrows

GIS (geographic information system)

computer system for collecting, analysing, and displaying geographic data

it creates layered maps which gives geographers insight on spatial association

GPS ( global positioning System)

uses a network of satellites to determine the location of something on the earth’s surface

Remote sensing

taking pics of the earth using satellites to get info about the eart’s surface

Qualitative data

data in word form

is up for debate

consists of opinions

collected through interviews/surveys

Quatitative data

number form

objective

Census

official count of all the people who live in the area

(US census happens every ten years)

involves info like age, gender, and race

Small scale map

Only SMALL regarding details in data

LARGE portion of earth’s surface

Place

Specific location with unique/distinguishable characteristics

Absolute location

exact spot on earth’s surface

uses latitude and longitude

Relative location

A description of a location based on the surrounding area

Sense of place

strong feeling people have about a place

Placelessness

A place that does not invoke strong response from people due to a lack of unique characteristics

TIme space compression

*counters/goes against distance decay

increasing connectivity between two places even though distance is the same

shorter time it takes to get from one place to another even though distance is the same

*caused by tech and globalization

Distance decay

the effect distance has on cultural or spatial interaction

(the larger the distance, the less interaction)

Environmental determinism

the environment DETERMINES cultural factors

(there is no other option that determines these factors)

the environment tests the possibilities for humans and society

Environmental possibilism

the environment may LIMIT society, but people have the ability to modify the environment to overcome these limits

Scale of analysis

observation of data at (global, regional, national, scale)

HOW zoomed in you are when looking at Geo. data

Formal region AKA Uniform region

based on quantitative data

has common attributes

like climate, land, political boundaries

*all government areas are this because they share a government

ex. Wisconsin

Functional region AKA Nodal region

areas organized around a node - focal point

ex. radio station broadcast area

Perceptual region AKA Vernacular region

areas linked together by people’s feelings/beliefs on a regio

ex. the south

only a region bc people believe it is

Arithmetic density

TOTAL POP/TOTAL AMOUNT OF LAND

shows how densely populated an area is

assumes everything is evenly spread

Physiological desnsity

TOTAL POP/TOTAL AMOUNT OF ARABLE LAND

shows the pressure a population exerts on the environment

Egypt- 97% population on 3% land

Agricultural density

FARMERS/TOTAL AMOUNT OF ARABLE LAND

shows efficiency of agricultural production and reliance on human labor vs tech

high ag density = more manual labor

Urban sprawl

unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban area into the surrounding country side

Carrying capacity

the amount of people that can be supported by the environment w/o damaging it

Malthusian theory

in England during industrial rev

stage 2 dtm

population exponential, food arithmetically

result in famine, war, disease

proven wrong because GMOs can make food grow ep

Neo malthusians

believe earth’s resources can only support a limited population, and pressure on these resources leads to famine and war

they advocate for family planning and contraceptives

Ravensteins’ laws of migration

-people who live in urban areas are less likely to migrate

-males migrate more internationally

-major causes of migration are economic

Intervening obstacles

negeative situations that hinder migration, prevent migrants from reaching final destination

Intervening opportunities

ex. ran out of money, denied entrance

positive situations that hinder migration, prevent migrants from reaching their destination

ex. job offer

Forced migration

when a migrant has no choice but to migrate

ex. Slavery, child soldiers, human trafficking

Refugee

forced to leave home country because of war, persecution, natural disaster ( threatens safety)

crosses international border

Internaly displaced person

refugee within state borders

Transnational migration

migrates form home country to another country but remains connected to original country

Chain migration

begins with one person, and with their contact with a group, pulls people to migrate to the same area

done through kinship links, creates ethnic enclaves

Step migration

happens in stages

ex. make stops on the way to final destination

Material culture

Physical objects that hold significance to individuals

Non material culture

intangible elements of culture

*ideas, beliefs, values, language

Modern/Pop culture

originates in economically developed regions and spreads through hierarchical diffusion

large, heterogeneous, rapid change, material culture, expansive diffusion, ubiquitous

ex. Pokemon

Folk culture

Small, homogenous, resists change, non-material culture, relocation diffusion, isolated

ex. Amish

Indigenous culture

emphasis on community/traditional values, have unique languages and spiritual beliefs, passed down through generations

ethnocentrism

analyzing or judging a culture by the standards of one’s own culture

cultural relativism

the practice of analyzing or judging a culture by its own standards

Sequent occupancy

how different cultures/organizations have left their mark on a geographic location over time

cultural/built landscape

human-made physical surroundings in an area

Placemaking

a community coming together and transforming a public space for different activities

Centripetal forces

aspects that bring people together

homogenity, common language

Education

Nation state

Nationalism

Centrifugal forces

aspects that divide people

significant cultural differences, different languages

Diversity

Balkanization

Devolutionary force

relocation diffusion

the physical movement of a culture or group of people from one place to another

hearth

the location in which an idea/culture/belief/item originated

Expansion diffusion

the spread from one place to another beyond their host cultures while remaining strong among the host culture.

Hierarchiccal diffusion

a type of cultural diffusion where an idea or innovation spreads from a high-status place or person to lower-status places or people

Stimulus diffusion

Veggie burger in Mcdonalds india

culture spreads to another place and it is adopted to better fit the local cultuture

lingua franca

a language used for communication between people who speak different native languages, with English = global lingua franca.

creolization

the process of two culture/lang’s coming together to create a new third on (traditionally due to colonization)

Acculturation

A culture adopts different culture traits from another culture (OG cult. is modified not lost)

Assimilation

a minority culture adopts a a new culture (typically the dominant) resulting on loss in OG cult.

Syncretism

When two or more cultures change over time in a similar manner but remains culturally distinct

diaspora

dispersion of people from their OG homeland (often due to forced migration)

Ecumene

habitable, settled by humans

transhumance

moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and the lowlands in the winter

EXTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE

Globalization in politics

democracies being expose dto places around the world drives places to pursue political equity

Arab spring

(series of pro democracy protests that swept across the Arab world)

cultural convergence

different cultures get common ideas/traits and become more similar

cultural divergence

different parts of one culture are exposed to different ideas and become different

Multicuturalism

When a society has a large diversity of cultures which coexist with eachother

State

geographic area w/

-permanent population

-defined borders

-sovereign government

-recognized by other states

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself

-including domestic and international affairs

Nation

group of PEOPLE w/ shared culture, language, etc.

-typically have a sense of self determination

(the right/desire for a nation to govern themselves)

Nation-State

Sovereign state with a homogenous population

-Japan, Denmark, Poland, France

-Centripetal force

Mono-lingual

DTM 2

-Nigeria, Sudan

-Exponential

-Periphery

-High Agricultural Density

-High youth dependency ratio

-Children are an economic asset

-TFR above 2.1

DTM 3

-Mexico, China, India, Brazil, South Africa

-Moderate

-Urbanizing

-Industrializing

-Semi-periphery

DTM 5

-Western Europe, Japan

-Negative Growth

-High elderly dependency ratio

-Guestworkers

-Children are an economic liability

-TFR below 2.1

-core

Restrictive population policy/ Anti natalist

China= One child policy

India= guns/sterilization

India= federal= less effective policy

Expansive population policy/ Pronatalist

-Stage 5

-Sweden, France, Germany

-Tax incentive

-Free daycare

Guestworkers

France has workers from Algeria

Germany has workers from Turkey

-Typically have guestworkers pay remittance back home

-guest workers create ethnic neighborhoods in their working countries

Universalizing Religion

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism

Contagious diffusion, Relocation

Ethnic Religion

Judaism, Hinduism

Relocation diffusion

Judaism = Zionism+ oldest monotheistic

Hinduism = oldest organized religion

Interfaith boundary

Nigeria- Muslim North/Christian South

CAUSES Ethnic conflict

Intrafaith boundary

Northern Ireland (Protestant/Catholic)

Centrifugal force

Multinational State

-Nigeria

-Canada, French canadian-British canadian

-Belgium, French speaking South (Wallonia)- Flemish speaking north

-USA

-Centrifugal force/devolutionary

-Federal

-Multi-lingual

Multistate nation

kurds- spread over 6 states (Iraq, iran..)

basques- in Spain n france

Stateless nation

A nation that has a history of self determination but does not have a recognized state

Kurds, Palestinians

Autonomous regions

A geographic area that is located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy (self governance) from the state

ex. Hong Kong , controlled by China

Semi autonomous region

A geographic area that is controlled by another state but only has a moderate degree of self governance

ex. Native American reservation in the US